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Plasma sex-related hormones, including estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), progesterone, and total testosterone (TT), and thyroid-related hormones, including free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and parathyroid hormone (PTH), were measured using chemiluminescent immunoassays. MAFLD was defined as the presence of hepatic steatosis (diagnosed by either hepatic ultrasonography scanning or fatty liver index (FLI) score\u2009&gt;\u200960) since all subjects had T2DM in the present study.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Prevalence of MAFLD was 65.6% in men and 61.1% in women with T2DM (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.335). For men, those with MAFLD showed significantly decreased levels of FSH (median (interquartile range (IQR)):7.2 (4.9\u201311.1) vs. 9.8 (7.1\u201312.4) mIU\/ml) and TT (13.2 (10.4\u201316.5) vs. 16.7 (12.8\u201321.6) nmol\/L) as well as increased level of FT3 (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation (SD):4.63\u2009\u00b1\u20090.68 vs. 4.39\u2009\u00b1\u20090.85 pmol\/L) than those without MAFLD (all p-values\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, FSH and LH were negative, while progesterone was positively associated with the risk of MAFLD in men, and the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals (CIs)) were 0.919 (0.856\u20130.986), 0.888 (0.802\u20130.983), and 8.069 (2.019\u201332.258) (all p-values\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), respectively. In women, there was no statistically significant association between sex- or thyroid-related hormones and the risk of MAFLD.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>FSH and LH levels were negative, whereas progesterone was positively associated with the risk of MAFLD in men with T2DM. Screening for MAFLD and monitoring sex-related hormones are important for T2DM patients, especially in men.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01618-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T13:01:53Z","timestamp":1717765313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Associations of sex-related and thyroid-related hormones with risk of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease in T2DM patients"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Weihong","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangjian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingqi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1618_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, Stein C, Basit A, Chan JCN, Mbanya JC, Pavkov ME, Ramachandaran A, Wild SH, James S, Herman WH, Zhang P, Bommer C, Kuo S, Boyko EJ, Magliano DJ. 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