{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T20:51:21Z","timestamp":1790369481495,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral semaglutide in older subjects with type 2 diabetes was as effective as in younger subjects, according to phase 3 clinical trials. However, its efficacy can be limited in very aged population, due to the presence of impaired cognitive function and the complex instructions for its use. Here, we investigated its efficacy and safety by further age bracket in older subjects in real-world.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively studied subjects\u2009&gt;\u200965\u00a0years of age with type 2 diabetes who started oral semaglutide treatment. The primary outcome was the change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) over 6\u00a0months. Adverse events and cognitive function were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) and the Hasegawa Dementia Rating Scale-revised (HDS-R). The achievement rate of glycemic targets was evaluated based on the age, health status of subjects and their use of anti-diabetic agents which can cause hypoglycemia, with additional analysis between two subgroups; early (65\u201374) versus late (\u2265\u200975) older. Furthermore, we evaluated the relationships between their improvements in HbA1c and the baseline characteristics of the subjects, including their cognitive function and insulin secretory capacity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied the efficacy of the drug in 24 subjects. Their HbA1c and body weight significantly decreased (\u2212\u200913.1\u2009\u00b1\u20097.5\u00a0mmol\/mol and\u2009\u2212\u20093.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4\u00a0kg, respectively;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Although cognitive function was lower in the late older group (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.57,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), changes in HbA1c showed no difference between the two subgroups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.66) and it correlated with the insulin secretory capacity rather than cognitive function (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.49,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Glycemic targets were more likely to be achieved (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), but HbA1c excessively decreased in late older subjects who were also using insulin or an insulin secretagogue. The frequency of adverse events was similar to that in the clinical trial, whereas discontinuation of medication were more frequent among the late older subjects (Early;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092, Late;\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral semaglutide improves the glycemic control of older subjects, but it might be a risk for potential hypoglycemia and discontinuation because of adverse events in subjects of\u2009\u2265\u200975\u00a0years. Attention should be paid to insulin secretory capacity and concomitant medications rather than concern about adherence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01658-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T05:07:24Z","timestamp":1721797644000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Efficacy and safety of oral semaglutide in older patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective observational study (the OTARU-SEMA study)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yuki","family":"Oe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Nomoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyu Yong","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei","family":"Yokozeki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsubasa","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aika","family":"Miya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiraku","family":"Kameda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akinobu","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiaki","family":"Arimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Atsumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1658_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12252","volume":"14","author":"S Ogawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ogawa S. 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An opt-out informed consent approach was adopted for all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"YO has received honoraria for lectures from Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd.. HN has received honoraria for lectures from Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd. and Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd; and has obtained research support from Kowa Pharmaceutical Co.. AN has received honoraria for lectures from Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma and has obtained research support from Kowa Co., Ltd. TA has received honoraria for lectures from GlaxoSmithKline plc., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd. Eisai Co. Ltd., AbbVie Inc., UCB Japan Co. Ltd., Novartis Pharma K.K., Pfizer Inc. Gilead Sciences, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Gilead Sciences, Inc., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca plc., Asahi Kasei Pharma Co., Astellas Pharma Inc., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.; and research grants from Eli Lilly Japan K.K., AbbVie Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Asahi Kasei Pharma Co., Eisai Co. Ltd., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., AstraZeneca plc., Novartis Pharma K.K., Pfizer Inc. and UCB Japan Co., Ltd.; and consultancy fees from GlaxoSmithKline plc., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Boehringer Ingelheim., Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Amgen K.K., Novartis Pharma K.K., Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gilead Sciences, Inc. and Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd.. KYC, KY, TO, AM, HK, and YA have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"124"}}