{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T19:23:58Z","timestamp":1793042638804,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01894-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T02:56:21Z","timestamp":1743994581000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessment of self-efficacy, quality of life, and well-being of patients with diabetes mellitus in Alqunfudah, Saudi Arabia"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Saleh Ahmed","family":"Alshaikhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Hassan","family":"Alfaqih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atheer Khalid","family":"Alrashdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah Ali","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirah Saleh","family":"Alzubaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amnah Ibrahim","family":"Alnashri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bandar Mohammed","family":"Alsharidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma Mohammed","family":"Alshreef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amwaj Saaied","family":"Almantashri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Ahmed","family":"Alshaikhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayoub Ali","family":"Alshaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Ahmed","family":"Alshaikhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7611-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramy Mohamed","family":"Ghazy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"1894_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(10)60084-8","volume":"109","author":"A-H Chih","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chih A-H, Jan C-F, Shu S-G, Lue B-H. Self-efficacy affects blood sugar control among adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus. J Formos Med Assoc. 2010;109(7):503\u201310.","journal-title":"J Formos Med Assoc"},{"key":"1894_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109119","volume":"183","author":"H Sun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sun H, Saeedi P, Karuranga S, Pinkepank M, Ogurtsova K, Duncan BB, et al. IDF diabetes atlas: global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;183:109119.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"1894_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047","volume":"27","author":"S Wild","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H. Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(5):1047\u201353.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"1894_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-022-01092-1","volume":"43","author":"B Alqahtani","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alqahtani B, Elnaggar RK, Alshehri MM, Khunti K, Alenazi A. National and regional prevalence rates of diabetes in Saudi Arabia: analysis of National survey data. Int J Diabetes Developing Ctries. 2023;43(3):392\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Developing Ctries"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"FSO946","DOI":"10.2144\/fsoa-2023-0208","volume":"10","author":"SA Alshaikhi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alshaikhi SA, Alamri AM, Alzilai IY, Alghanimi AA, Alrufaidi AM, Alrufaidi AM, et al. Diabetes and prediabetes prevalence through a community-based screening initiative in Alqunfudah, Saudi Arabia. Future Sci OA. 2024;10(1):FSO946.","journal-title":"Future Sci OA"},{"issue":"5","key":"1894_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60050775","volume":"60","author":"AA Alshaikh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alshaikh AA, Al-Qahtani FS, Taresh HMN, Hayaza RAA, Alqhtani SSM, Summan SI, et al. Prediction of diabetes and prediabetes among the Saudi population using a Non-Invasive tool (AUSDRISK). Medicina. 2024;60(5):775.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"1894_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.06.012","volume":"118","author":"K Al-Rubeaan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Al-Rubeaan K, Youssef AM, Ibrahim HM, Al-Sharqawi AH, AlQumaidi H, AlNaqeb D, et al. All-cause mortality and its risk factors among type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in a country facing diabetes epidemic. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2016;118:130\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"10397","key":"1894_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","volume":"402","author":"KL Ong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ong KL, Stafford LK, McLaughlin SA, Boyko EJ, Vollset SE, Smith AE, et al. Global, regional, and National burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1894_CR9","unstructured":"The Whoqol G, The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL): Development and general psychometric properties1This paper was drafted by Mick Power and Willem Kuyken on behalf of the WHOQOL Group, Schofield DH, Ms B, Murphy Z, Metelko, Professor S, Szabo, Pibernik-Okanovic MM, Institute of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases and Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Zagreb, Croatia; Dr. N. Quemada and Dr. A. Caria, INSERM, Paris, France; Dr. S. Rajkumar and Mrs. Shuba Kumar, Madras Medical College, India; Dr. S. Saxena and Dr. K. Chandiramani, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India; Dr. M. Amir and Dr. D., Bar-On, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheeva, Israel; Dr. Miyako Tazaki, Department of Science, Science University of Tokyo, Japan and Dr. Ariko Noji, Department of Community Health Nursing, St. Luke\u2019s College of Nursing, Japan;, van Heck PG and Dr. J. De Vries, Tilburg University, The Netherlands; Professor J. Arroyo Sucre and Professor L. Picard-Ami, University of Panama, Panama; Professor M. Kabanov, Dr. A. Lomachenkov and Dr. G. Burkovsky, Bekhterev Psychoneurological Research Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia; Dr. R. Lucas Carrasco, University of Barcelona, Spain; Dr. Yooth Bodharamik and Mr. Kitikorn Meesapya, Institute of Mental Health, Bangkok, Thailand; Dr. S. Skevington, University of Bath, Professor UK, Patrick D, Martin MM, Wild MD, University of Washington, Seattle, U.S.A. and, Professor W. Acuda and Dr. J. Mutambirwa, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe. In addition to the expertise provided from the centres, the project has benefited from considerable assistance from: Dr. M. Bullinger, Dr. A. Harper, Dr. W. Kuyken, Professor M. Power and Professor N. Sartorius.1. Social Science & Medicine. 1998;46(12):1569-85."},{"issue":"11","key":"1894_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2753","DOI":"10.2337\/dci22-0034","volume":"45","author":"MJ Davies","year":"2022","unstructured":"Davies MJ, Aroda VR, Collins BS, Gabbay RA, Green J, Maruthur NM, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2022. A consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care. 2022;45(11):2753\u201386.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"1894_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1614","volume":"30","author":"L Fisher","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fisher L, Skaff MM, Mullan JT, Arean P, Mohr D, Masharani U, et al. Clinical depression versus distress among patients with type 2 diabetes: not just a question of semantics. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(3):542\u20138.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1970","volume":"34","author":"JS Gonzalez","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gonzalez JS, Fisher L, Polonsky WH. Depression in diabetes: have we been missing something important?? Diabetes Care. 2011;34(1):236\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"1894_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.IJEM_579_17","volume":"22","author":"S Kalra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalra S, Jena BN, Yeravdekar R. Emotional and psychological needs of people with diabetes. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2018;22(5):696\u2013704.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"1894_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e010249","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010249","volume":"6","author":"M Svedbo Engstr\u00f6m","year":"2016","unstructured":"Svedbo Engstr\u00f6m M, Leksell J, Johansson U-B, Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir S. What is important for you? A qualitative interview study of living with diabetes and experiences of diabetes care to Establish a basis for a tailored Patient-Reported outcome measure for the Swedish National diabetes register. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):e010249.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"4","key":"1894_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1177\/0091415016689474","volume":"85","author":"V Borhaninejad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Borhaninejad V, Shati M, Bhalla D, Iranpour A, Fadayevatan R. A Population-Based survey to determine association of perceived social support and Self-Efficacy with Self-Care among elderly with diabetes mellitus (Kerman City, Iran). Int J Aging Hum Dev. 2017;85(4):504\u201317.","journal-title":"Int J Aging Hum Dev"},{"issue":"2","key":"1894_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8133","DOI":"10.5867\/medwave.2021.02.8132","volume":"21","author":"IE Huayanay-Espinoza","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huayanay-Espinoza IE, Guerra-Casta\u00f1on F, Reyes-Diaz M, Lazo-Porras M, de la Cruz-Luque C, Herrera DA, et al. Quality of life and self-efficacy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in a Peruvian public hospital. Medwave. 2021;21(2):e8133.","journal-title":"Medwave"},{"issue":"3","key":"1894_CR17","first-page":"349","volume":"24","author":"RJ Walker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Walker RJ, Smalls BL, Hernandez-Tejada MA, Campbell JA, Egede LE. Effect of diabetes self-efficacy on glycemic control, medication adherence, self-care behaviors, and quality of life in a predominantly low-income, minority population. Ethn Dis. 2014;24(3):349\u201355.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198107309459","volume":"36","author":"A Schoenthaler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schoenthaler A, Ogedegbe G, Allegrante JP. Self-efficacy mediates the relationship between depressive symptoms and medication adherence among hypertensive African Americans. Health Educ Behav. 2009;36(1):127\u201337.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"1894_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2017.12.014","volume":"137","author":"AMJ Saad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Saad AMJ, Younes ZMH, Ahmed H, Brown JA, Al Owesie RM, Hassoun AAK. Self-efficacy, self-care and glycemic control in Saudi Arabian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional survey. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;137:28\u201336.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1894_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S448056","volume":"17","author":"GY Jang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jang GY, Chang SJ, Noh JH. Relationships among health literacy, Self-Efficacy, Self-Management, and HbA1c levels in older adults with diabetes in South Korea: A Cross-Sectional study. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2024;17:409\u201318.","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"1894_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347396","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1347396","volume":"15","author":"AA Alshaikh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alshaikh AA, Al-Qahtani FS, Alqahtani SAM, AlFarhan AA, Al Nuwayhidh AM, Madkhali AM, et al. Exploring the self-efficacy of patients with diabetes: its role as a predictor of diabetes management and well-being. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15:1347396.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR22","first-page":"4","volume":"41","author":"Standards of Care in","year":"2022","unstructured":"Standards of Care in. Diabetes-2023 abridged for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes. 2022;41(1):4\u201331.","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"1894_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2019.11.001","volume":"14","author":"MM Allam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allam MM, El-Zawawy HT, Ibrahim Ismail I, Ghazy RM. Cross-Cultural reliability of an Arabic version of the Self-Efficacy for managing chronic disease 6-Item scale in Arab patients with diabetes mellitus. Prim Care Diabetes. 2020;14(4):305\u201310.","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-023-10027-x","volume":"45","author":"A Kassab Alshayea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kassab Alshayea A. Development and validation of an Arabic version of the world health organization Well-Being index (WHO-5). J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2023;45(1):247\u201355.","journal-title":"J Psychopathol Behav Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"1894_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.145","volume":"12","author":"P Bech","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bech P, Olsen LR, Kjoller M, Rasmussen NK. Measuring well-being rather than the absence of distress symptoms: a comparison of the SF-36 mental health subscale and the WHO-Five well-being scale. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 2003;12(2):85\u201391.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"1894_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1159\/000289073","volume":"65","author":"P Bech","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bech P, Gudex C, Staehr Johansen K. The WHO (Ten) Well-Being index: validation in diabetes. Psychother Psychosom. 2010;65(4):183\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"1894_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalky HF, Meininger JC, Al-Ali NM. The reliability and validity of the Arabic world health organization quality of Life-BREF instrument among family caregivers of relatives with psychiatric illnesses in Jordan. J Nurs Res. 2017;25(3).","DOI":"10.1097\/JNR.0000000000000146"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-023-09381-z","volume":"23","author":"EA Hammouda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hammouda EA, Gobran WF, Tawfeek RM, Esmail OF, Ashmawy R, Youssef N, et al. Survey to measure the quality of life of patients with tuberculosis in Alexandria, Egypt: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2023;23(1):534.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"1894_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482090","DOI":"10.3389\/fcdhc.2024.1482090","volume":"5","author":"M Al-Rasheedi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Rasheedi M, Alhazmi Y, AlDaiji LA, AlDaiji LA, Mobarki FI, Almuhaysini KM, et al. Status of diabetes mellitus in different regions of KSA and update on its management. Front Clin Diabetes Healthc. 2024;5:1482090.","journal-title":"Front Clin Diabetes Healthc"},{"issue":"3","key":"1894_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3395","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3395","volume":"37","author":"MA Alsuliman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alsuliman MA, Alotaibi SA, Zhang Q, Durgampudi PK. A systematic review of factors associated with uncontrolled diabetes and meta-analysis of its prevalence in Saudi Arabia since 2006. Diab\/Metab Res Rev. 2021;37(3):e3395.","journal-title":"Diab\/Metab Res Rev"},{"key":"1894_CR31","first-page":"117955142110563","volume":"14","author":"H Farag Mohamed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farag Mohamed H, Allam MM, Hamdy NA, Ghazy RM, Emara RH. A community pharmacy-based intervention in the matrix of type 2 diabetes mellitus outcomes (CPBI-T2DM): a cluster randomized controlled trial. Clin Med Insights: Endocrinol Diabetes. 2021;14:11795514211056307.","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights: Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"39","key":"1894_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39895","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000039895","volume":"103","author":"AA Alshaikh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alshaikh AA, Alshehri AAA, Alshehri AZA, Alobaid AS, Mohammed AA, Alshahrani TSF, et al. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal manifestations among diabetic patients in the Aseer region: A cross-sectional study. Medicine. 2024;103(39):e39895.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1894_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.29.04.06.dc05-1615","volume":"29","author":"U Sarkar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sarkar U, Fisher L, Schillinger D. Is Self-Efficacy associated with diabetes Self-Management across race\/ethnicity and health literacy?? Diabetes Care. 2006;29(4):823\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"1894_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1874-x","volume":"53","author":"A Nouwen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nouwen A, Winkley K, Twisk J, Lloyd CE, Peyrot M, Ismail K, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for the onset of depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 2010;53(12):2480\u20136.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"1894_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00045-5","volume":"3","author":"F Petrak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petrak F, Baumeister H, Skinner TC, Brown A, Holt RIG. Depression and diabetes: treatment and health-care delivery. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(6):472\u201385.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"1894_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2016.12.015","volume":"94","author":"A Schmitt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schmitt A, Reimer A, Hermanns N, Kulzer B, Ehrmann D, Krichbaum M, et al. Depression is linked to hyperglycaemia via suboptimal diabetes self-management: A cross-sectional mediation analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2017;94:17\u201323.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2013.tb00484.x","volume":"3","author":"CK Roberts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Roberts CK, Hevener AL, Barnard RJ. Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance: underlying causes and modification by exercise training. Compr Physiol. 2013;3(1):1\u201358.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20070134","volume":"114","author":"F Magkos","year":"2008","unstructured":"Magkos F, Tsekouras Y, Kavouras SA, Mittendorfer B, Sidossis LS. Improved insulin sensitivity after a single bout of exercise is curvilinearly related to exercise energy expenditure. Clin Sci (Lond). 2008;114(1):59\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"1894_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.2940","volume":"176","author":"A Rawshani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rawshani A, Svensson AM, Zethelius B, Eliasson B, Rosengren A, Gudbj\u00f6rnsdottir S. Association between socioeconomic status and mortality, cardiovascular disease, and Cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(8):1146\u201354.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"1894_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alshaikh AA, Al-Qahtani FS, Alqahtani SAM, AlFarhan AA, Al Nuwayhidh AM, Madkhali AM et al. Exploring the self-efficacy of patients with diabetes: its role as a predictor of diabetes management and well-being. Front Endocrinol. 2024;15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1347396"},{"key":"1894_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120065","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd9.120065","volume":"9","author":"DT Juarez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Juarez DT, Sentell T, Tokumaru S, Goo R, Davis JW, Mau MM. Factors associated with poor glycemic control or wide glycemic variability among diabetes patients in Hawaii, 2006\u20132009. Prev Chronic Dis. 2012;9:120065.","journal-title":"Prev Chronic Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-019-0421-0","volume":"19","author":"Y Mamo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mamo Y, Bekele F, Nigussie T, Zewudie A. Determinants of poor glycemic control among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jimma university medical center, Jimma zone, South West Ethiopia: a case control study. BMC Endocr Disorders. 2019;19(1):91.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disorders"},{"issue":"6","key":"1894_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30050-0","volume":"6","author":"WG Herrington","year":"2018","unstructured":"Herrington WG, Alegre-D\u00edaz J, Wade R, Gnatiuc L, Ramirez-Reyes R, Hill M, et al. Effect of diabetes duration and glycaemic control on 14-year cause-specific mortality in Mexican adults: a blood-based prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(6):455\u201363.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1894_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2018.9.4.05","volume":"9","author":"M Haghighatpanah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Haghighatpanah M, Nejad ASM, Haghighatpanah M, Thunga G, Mallayasamy S. Factors that correlate with poor glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with complications. Osong Public Health Res Perspect. 2018;9(4):167.","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"1894_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2007.01630.x","volume":"62","author":"JA Cramer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cramer JA, Benedict A, Muszbek N, Keskinaslan A, Khan ZM. The significance of compliance and persistence in the treatment of diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia: a review. Int J Clin Pract. 2008;62(1):76\u201387.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01894-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01894-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01894-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T03:44:37Z","timestamp":1743997477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01894-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01894-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical Approval number: for this study was obtained from the King Khalid University Research Ethics Committee (IRB: ECM#2023-3105).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}}],"article-number":"91"}}