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This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Jinling Hospital, with the approval number: 2022DZGZR-012. We examined the impact of a high-glucose environment on the physiological parameters of red blood cells derived from the voluntary blood donors through in vitro experiments, and written informed consent of the voluntary blood donors was obtained. In addition, in studies involving retrospective data analysis, written informed consent from patients was not obtained because this study is a secondary analysis of the data collected routinely for the purpose of evaluating the association between hyperglycemia and peripheral blood physiological parameters. 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