{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:32:58Z","timestamp":1787020378569,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-01969-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T08:01:43Z","timestamp":1751356903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical and serological characteristics of type 3 APS, isolated T1DM and LADY\/LADA"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yawei","family":"Qiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huaqiu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1969_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00602","volume":"104","author":"L Frommer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frommer L, Kahaly GJ. Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104:4769\u201382.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-017-0740-9","volume":"41","author":"GJ Kahaly","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kahaly GJ, Frommer L. Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes. J Endocrinol Invest. 2018;41:91\u20138.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1969_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13482","volume":"88","author":"EH Kemp","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kemp EH, Kahaly GJ, Porter JA, Frommer L, Weetman AP. Autoantibodies against the calcium-sensing receptor and cytokines in autoimmune polyglandular syndromes types 2, 3 and 4. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2018;88:139\u201345.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1969_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1713301","volume":"378","author":"ES Husebye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Husebye ES, Anderson MS, K\u00e4mpe O. Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:1132\u201341.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1969_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01994-1","volume":"46","author":"C Betterle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Betterle C, Furmaniak J, Sabbadin C, Scaroni C, Presotto F. Type 3 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS-3) or type 3 multiple autoimmune syndrome (MAS-3): an expanding galaxy. J Endocrinol Invest. 2023;46:643\u201365.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1969_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v6.i1.67","volume":"6","author":"MP Hansen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hansen MP, Matheis N, Kahaly GJ. Type 1 diabetes and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome: A review. World J Diabetes. 2015;6:67\u201379.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"1969_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen MP, Kahaly GJ. Autoimmune polyglandul\u00e4re syndrome [Autoimmune polyglandular syndromes]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2013;138:319\u201326. quiz 327-8.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0032-1327355"},{"key":"1969_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2983","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021845","volume":"88","author":"M Dittmar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Dittmar M, Kahaly GJ. Polyglandular autoimmune syndromes: immunogenetics and long-term follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2983\u201392.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR9","first-page":"101","volume":"4","author":"M Fatma","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fatma M, Mouna E, Raouf H, Hajer F, Hatem M, Mohammed A. Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type II: epidemiological, clinical and immunological data. J Endocrinol Metab. 2014;4:101\u201309.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.049","volume":"13","author":"JM Anaya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anaya JM. The diagnosis and clinical significance of polyautoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:423\u20136.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"1969_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgz021","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz021","volume":"105","author":"LK Radermacher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Radermacher LK, Ponto K, Merkesdal S, Pomart V, Frommer L, Pfeiffer N, et al. Type I diabetes is the main cost driver in autoimmune polyendocrinopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:dgz021.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01229-1","volume":"43","author":"G Pham-Dobor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pham-Dobor G, Han\u00e1k L, Hegyi P, M\u00e1rta K, P\u00e1rniczky A, Gergics M, et al. Prevalence of other autoimmune diseases in polyglandular autoimmune syndromes type II and III. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43:1\u20139.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1969_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-020-01421-3","volume":"44","author":"V Guarnotta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guarnotta V, Pillitteri G, Gambino G, Radellini S, Vigneri E, Pizzolanti G, et al. Levothyroxine and insulin requirement in autoimmune polyglandular type 3 syndrome: a real-life study. J Endocrinol Invest. 2021;44:1387\u201394.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"1969_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1043","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3109","volume":"97","author":"I Horie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horie I, Kawasaki E, Ando T, Kuwahara H, Abiru N, Usa T, et al. Clinical and genetic characteristics of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 3 variant in the Japanese population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:E1043\u201350.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.2024.J027","volume":"263","author":"R Kajita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kajita R, Takahashi H, Yoshino S, Matsumoto S, Horiguchi K, Okada S, et al. Characteristics of human leukocyte antigen class II genes in Japanese patients with type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2024;263:133\u20139.","journal-title":"Tohoku J Exp Med"},{"key":"1969_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111746","volume":"213","author":"S Radellini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Radellini S, Vigneri E, Ferreri O, Almasio PL, Pizzolanti G, Giordano C, et al. Increased frequency of microalbuminuria in patients with type 3 autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) compared to isolated autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus: A real-life study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2024;213:111746.","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"1969_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-024-01274-3","volume":"16","author":"MB Gomes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gomes MB, Braga FO, Drummond KG, Pinheiro A, Leal F, Porto LC, et al. Prevalence of autoimmune diseases in an admixed population of patients with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter study in Brazil. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2024;16:31.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"1969_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05568-3","volume":"64","author":"RIG Holt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holt RIG, DeVries JH, Hess-Fischl A, Hirsch IB, Kirkman MS, Klupa T, et al. The management of type 1 diabetes in adults. A consensus report by the American diabetes association (ADA) and the European association for the study of diabetes (EASD). Diabetologia. 2021;64:2609\u201352.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"1969_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-423","volume":"10","author":"X Nan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nan X, Li X, Xiang Y, Yan X, Zhou H, Tang X, et al. Thyroid autoantibody distribution in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in youth: a multicenter, national survey. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10:851.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"1969_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2037","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi20-0017","volume":"69","author":"R Buzzetti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Buzzetti R, Tuomi T, Mauricio D, Pietropaolo M, Zhou Z, Pozzilli P, et al. Management of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: A consensus statement from an international expert panel. Diabetes. 2020;69:2037\u201347.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1969_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12395","volume":"178","author":"KA Ponto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ponto KA, Schuppan D, Zwiener I, Binder H, Mirshahi A, Diana T, et al. Thyroid-associated orbitopathy is linked to gastrointestinal autoimmunity. Clin Exp Immunol. 2014;178:57\u201364.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"1969_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-1220","volume":"101","author":"GJ Kahaly","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahaly GJ, Diana T, Glang J, Kanitz M, Pitz S, K\u00f6nig J. Thyroid stimulating antibodies are highly prevalent in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis and associated orbitopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:1998\u20132004.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaa288","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa288","volume":"105","author":"A Ebert","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ebert A, K\u00f6nig J, Frommer L, Schuppan D, Kahaly GJ. Chromogranin serves as novel biomarker of endocrine and gastric autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:dgaa288.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2019.0634","volume":"30","author":"D Grove-Laugesen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Grove-Laugesen D, Cramon PK, Malmstroem S, Ebbehoj E, Watt T, Hansen KW, et al. Effects of supplemental vitamin D on muscle performance and quality of life in Graves\u2019 disease: A randomized clinical trial. Thyroid. 2020;30:661\u201371.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"1969_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0528","volume":"169","author":"C Betterle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Betterle C, Scarpa R, Garelli S, Morlin L, Lazzarotto F, Presotto F, et al. Addison\u2019s disease: a survey on 633 patients in Padova. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169:773\u201384.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"1969_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0207","volume":"62","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Xiang Y, Ji L, Jia W, Ning G, Huang G, et al. Frequency, immunogenetics, and clinical characteristics of latent autoimmune diabetes in China (LADA China study): a nationwide, multicenter, clinic-based cross-sectional study. Diabetes. 2013;62:543\u201350.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"1969_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgz164","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz164","volume":"105","author":"L Frommer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frommer L, Flesch BK, K\u00f6nig J, Kahaly GJ. Amino acid polymorphisms in Hla class II differentiate between thyroid and polyglandular autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:dgz164.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01974","volume":"104","author":"BK Flesch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flesch BK, K\u00f6nig J, Frommer L, Hansen MP, Kahaly GJ. Sex alters the MHC class I HLA-A association with polyglandular autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;104:1680\u201386.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02743-9","volume":"74","author":"M Fichna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fichna M, \u017burawek M, S\u0142omi\u0144ski B, Sumi\u0144ska M, Czarnywojtek A, Rozwadowska N, et al. Polymorphism in BACH2 gene is a marker of polyglandular autoimmunity. Endocrine. 2021;74:72\u20139.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"1969_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v15.i3.348","volume":"15","author":"J Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang J, Wan K, Chang X, Mao RF. Association of autoimmune thyroid disease with type 1 diabetes mellitus and its ultrasonic diagnosis and management. World J Diabetes. 2024;15:348\u201360.","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"key":"1969_CR31","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 4. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities: Standards of Care in Diabetes-2025. Diabetes Care. 2025;48(Supplement_1):S59-S85."},{"key":"1969_CR32","first-page":"1277","volume":"102","author":"B Jonsdottir","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jonsdottir B, Larsson C, Carlsson A, Forsander G, Ivarsson SA, Lernmark \u00c5, et al. Thyroid and islet autoantibodies predict autoimmune thyroid disease at type 1 diabetes diagnosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1277\u201385.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"1969_CR33","first-page":"e62307","volume":"16","author":"A Alam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alam A, Singh SK, Kumar R, Mannan R. Impact of thyroid autoimmunity on the clinical and biochemical characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Cureus. 2024;16:e62307.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"1969_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.03976.x","volume":"74","author":"P Jin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jin P, Huang G, Lin J, Yang L, Xiang B, Zhou W, et al. High titre of antiglutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody is a strong predictor of the development of thyroid autoimmunity in patients with type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;74:587\u201392.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)"},{"key":"1969_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14842","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14842","volume":"75","author":"MC Bilginer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bilginer MC, Faki S, Ozdemir D, Baser H, Polat B, Bestepe N, et al. Organ-specific autoimmune markers in adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pract. 2021;75:e14842.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"1969_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618213","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.618213","volume":"12","author":"L Frommer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Frommer L, Kahaly GJ. Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid disease-The genetic link. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:618213.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"1969_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02577","volume":"103","author":"J Houcken","year":"2018","unstructured":"Houcken J, Degenhart C, Bender K, K\u00f6nig J, Frommer L, Kahaly GJ. PTPN22 and CTLA-4 polymorphisms are associated with polyglandular autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103:1977\u201384.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01969-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01969-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01969-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T08:01:45Z","timestamp":1751356905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01969-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1969"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-025-01969-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This work has been carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (2013) of the World Medical Association. This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of Shenzhen University General Hospital (No. KYLL-20230703\u00a0A). This article is a retrospective study. Therefore, the Ethic Committee of Shenzhen University General Hospital waived the requirement to obtain distinct written informed consent from the patients.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"155"}}