{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T13:20:01Z","timestamp":1794057601562,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-02022-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T23:02:35Z","timestamp":1756940555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association between dietary inflammatory index, empirical dietary inflammatory patterns, dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores, and polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Vaziri Esfarjani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parvin","family":"Dorfeshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anahita","family":"Mansouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farnush","family":"Bakhshimoghaddam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshan","family":"Nikbakht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahla","family":"Vaziri Esfarjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadis","family":"Varaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2022_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24","volume":"14","author":"HF Escobar-Morreale","year":"2018","unstructured":"Escobar-Morreale HF. Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2018;14(5):270\u201384.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022_CR2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Polycystic ovary syndrome 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/polycystic-ovary-syndrome."},{"key":"2022_CR3","unstructured":"Rasquin LIAC, Mayrin JV. Polycystic ovarian D. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459251\/."},{"issue":"3","key":"2022_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-024-07607-x","volume":"310","author":"N Salari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salari N, Nankali A, Ghanbari A, Jafarpour S, Ghasemi H, Dokaneheifard S, et al. Global prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women worldwide: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2024;310(3):1303\u201314.","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"2022_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh S, Pal N, Shubham S, Sarma DK, Verma V, Marotta F, Kumar M. Polycystic ovary syndrome: etiology, current management, and future therapeutics. J\u00a0Clin Med. 2023;12(4):1454.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041454"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022_CR6","first-page":"16","volume":"20","author":"H Alkadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alkadi H. A review on free radicals and antioxidants. Infect Disord Drug Targets. 2020;20(1):16\u201326.","journal-title":"Infect Disord Drug Targets"},{"issue":"2","key":"2022_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.29912","volume":"236","author":"M Rostamtabar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rostamtabar M, Esmaeilzadeh S, Tourani M, Rahmani A, Baee M, Shirafkan F, et al. Pathophysiological roles of chronic low-grade inflammation mediators in polycystic ovary syndrome. J Cell Physiol. 2021;236(2):824\u201338.","journal-title":"J Cell Physiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082428","volume":"12","author":"JD Bremner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bremner JD, Moazzami K, Wittbrodt MT, Nye JA, Lima BB, Gillespie CF, et al. Diet, stress, and mental health. Nutrients. 2020;12(8): 2428.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2022_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.101869","volume":"42","author":"K Aleksandrova","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aleksandrova K, Koelman L, Rodrigues CE. Dietary patterns and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation: a systematic review of observational and intervention studies. Redox Biol. 2021;42:101869.","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13191","volume":"44","author":"ML \u00c1vila-Escalante","year":"2020","unstructured":"\u00c1vila-Escalante ML, Coop-Gamas F, Cervantes-Rodr\u00edguez M, M\u00e9ndez-Iturbide D, Aranda-Gonz\u00e1lez II. The effect of diet on oxidative stress and metabolic diseases\u2014clinically controlled trials. J Food Biochem. 2020;44(5): e13191.","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"},{"key":"2022_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-021-00674-9","volume":"20","author":"MJ Hart","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hart MJ, Torres SJ, McNaughton SA, Milte CM. Dietary patterns and associations with biomarkers of inflammation in adults: a systematic review of observational studies. Nutr J. 2021;20:1\u201314.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"2022_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clemente-Su\u00e1rez VJ, Beltr\u00e1n-Velasco AI, Redondo-Fl\u00f3rez L, Mart\u00edn-Rodr\u00edguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Global impacts of western diet and its effects on metabolism and health: A narrative review. Nutrients. 2023;15(12):2749.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122749"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","volume":"17","author":"N Shivappa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, Hussey JR, H\u00e9bert JR. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(8):1689\u201396.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.228718","volume":"146","author":"FK Tabung","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tabung FK, Smith-Warner SA, Chavarro JE, Wu K, Fuchs CS, Hu FB, et al. Development and validation of an empirical dietary inflammatory index. J Nutr. 2016;146(8):1560\u201370.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2022_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz165","volume":"149","author":"DA Byrd","year":"2019","unstructured":"Byrd DA, Judd SE, Flanders WD, Hartman TJ, Fedirko V, Bostick RM. Development and validation of novel dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores. J Nutr. 2019;149(12):2206\u201318.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"2022_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"735174","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.735174","volume":"8","author":"F Dehghani Firouzabadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dehghani Firouzabadi F, Jayedi A, Asgari E, Akbarzadeh Z, Janbozorgi N, Djafarian K, et al. Association of dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores with metabolic syndrome in a sample of Iranian adults. Front Nutr. 2021;8:735174.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.14672","volume":"96","author":"E Zirak Sharkesh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zirak Sharkesh E, Keshavarz SA, Nazari L, Abbasi B. The dietary inflammatory index is directly associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: a case-control study. Clin Endocrinol. 2022;96(5):698\u2013706.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2022_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2021.12.006","volume":"100","author":"Q Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang Q, Sun Y, Xu Q, Liu W, Wang P, Yao J, et al. Higher dietary inflammation potential and certain dietary patterns are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome risk in China: a case-control study. Nutr Res. 2022;100:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa388","volume":"151","author":"Z Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Z, Gao Y, Byrd DA, Gibbs DC, Prizment AE, Lazovich D, et al. Novel dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores directly associated with all-cause, all-cancer, and all-cardiovascular disease mortality risks among women. J Nutr. 2021;151(4):930\u20139.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11327-1","volume":"21","author":"F Teymoori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Teymoori F, Farhadnejad H, Mokhtari E, Sohouli MH, Moslehi N, Mirmiran P, et al. Dietary and lifestyle inflammatory scores and risk of incident diabetes: a prospective cohort among participants of Tehran lipid and glucose study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1293.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2022_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114523001903","volume":"131","author":"F Bakhshimoghaddam","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bakhshimoghaddam F, Jafarirad S, Maraghi E, Ghorat F. Association of dietary and lifestyle inflammation score with type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiometabolic risk factors in Iranian adults: Sabzevar Persian cohort study. Br J Nutr. 2024;131(3):521\u201330.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004","volume":"81","author":"E Rotterdam","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rotterdam E. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2004;81(1):19\u201325.","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"2022_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5868-8-115","volume":"8","author":"PH Lee","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lee PH, Macfarlane DJ, Lam TH, Stewart SM. Validity of the international physical activity questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF): a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act"},{"key":"2022_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amini H, Isanejad A, Chamani N, Movahedi-Fard F, Salimi F, Moezi M, et al. Physical activity during COVID-19 pandemic in the Iranian population: A brief report. Heliyon. 2020;6(11):e05411.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05411"},{"issue":"8","key":"2022_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602407","volume":"60","author":"AF Malekshah","year":"2006","unstructured":"Malekshah AF, Kimiagar M, Saadatian-Elahi M, Pourshams A, Nouraie M, Goglani G, et al. Validity and reliability of a new food frequency questionnaire compared to 24 h recalls and biochemical measurements: pilot phase of Golestan cohort study of esophageal cancer. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(8):971\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2022_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2023.12.009","volume":"122","author":"EZ Sharkesh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sharkesh EZ, Keshavarz SA, Nazari L, Abbasi B. Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern is positively associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: a case control study. Nutr Res. 2024;122:123\u20139.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10061305","volume":"10","author":"G Scarf\u00f2","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scarf\u00f2 G, Daniele S, Fusi J, Gesi M, Martini C, Franzoni F, et al. Metabolic and molecular mechanisms of diet and physical exercise in the management of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Biomedicines. 2022;10(6):1305.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"1","key":"2022_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0411-4","volume":"11","author":"Z Shakeri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shakeri Z, Mirmiran P, Khalili-Moghadam S, Hosseini-Esfahani F, Ataie-Jafari A, Azizi F. Empirical dietary inflammatory pattern and risk of metabolic syndrome and its components: Tehran lipid and glucose study. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2019;11(1):16.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2022_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim MK, Wilechansky RM, Challa PK, Zhang X, Giovannucci E, Stampfer M, et al. The empirical dietary inflammatory pattern score and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun. 2023;7(10):e0263.","DOI":"10.1097\/HC9.0000000000000263"},{"issue":"6","key":"2022_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061137","volume":"14","author":"G Grosso","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grosso G, Laudisio D, Frias-Toral E, Barrea L, Muscogiuri G, Savastano S, et al. Anti-inflammatory nutrients and obesity-associated metabolic-inflammation: state of the art and future direction. Nutrients. 2022;14(6):1137.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2022_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Worafi YM. Substance Abuse in Developing Countries: Alcohol. In Handbook of Medical and Health Sciences in Developing Countries: Education, Practice, and Research. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 1-22.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-74786-2_312-1"},{"issue":"5","key":"2022_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052734","volume":"22","author":"S Aboeldalyl","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aboeldalyl S, James C, Seyam E, Ibrahim EM, Shawki HE-D, Amer S. The role of chronic inflammation in polycystic ovarian syndrome\u2014a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(5):2734.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"2022_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.03.052","volume":"48","author":"D Giugliano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Esposito K. The effects of diet on inflammation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;48(4):677\u201385.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2022_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczuko M, Kikut J, Szczuko U, Szyd\u0142owska I, Nawrocka-Rutkowska J, Zi\u0119tek M et al. Nutrition strategy and life style in polycystic ovary Syndrome-Narrative review. Nutrients. 2021;13(7):2452.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072452"},{"issue":"7","key":"2022_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14117","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14117","volume":"46","author":"R Shahid","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shahid R, Iahtisham-Ul-Haq, Mahnoor, Awan KA, Iqbal MJ, Munir H, et al. Diet and lifestyle modifications for effective management of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). J Food Biochem. 2022;46(7):e14117.","journal-title":"J Food Biochem"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02022-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02022-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02022-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T06:29:39Z","timestamp":1757485779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02022-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02022-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (Ethics Code: IR.AJUMS.REC.1403.646). All methods in this study were conducted by the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the Ethics Committee of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences approved all procedures involving research study participants. Written informed consent was obtained from all the participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"202"}}