{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:40:33Z","timestamp":1791351633584,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82173534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Special Program for Women and Children Health","award":["2020YJZX0212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YJZX0212"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-02084-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:21:43Z","timestamp":1762874503000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The incidence of early and precocious puberty of children in two Chinese cities: a multi-center prospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siwei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijun","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cuilan","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2084_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e195881","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.5881","volume":"174","author":"C Eckert-Lind","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eckert-Lind C, Busch AS, Petersen JH, Biro FM, Butler G, Br\u00e4uner EV, Juul A. Worldwide secular trends in age at pubertal onset assessed by breast development among girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(4):e195881.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2084_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00723-9","volume":"19","author":"N Ma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ma N, Shi D, Dang JJ, Zhong PL, Liu YF, Cai S, Dong YH, Hu PJ, Ma J, Song Y. Secular trends and urban-rural disparities in the median age at menarche among Chinese Han girls from 1985 to 2019. World J Pediatrics: WJP. 2023;19(12):1162\u20138.","journal-title":"World J Pediatrics: WJP"},{"issue":"9","key":"2084_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2019.2315","volume":"173","author":"C Ohlsson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ohlsson C, Bygdell M, Celind J, Sond\u00e9n A, Tidblad A, S\u00e4vendahl L, Kindblom JM. Secular trends in pubertal growth acceleration in Swedish boys born from 1947 to 1996. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(9):860\u20135.","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"2084_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2015665","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.15665","volume":"3","author":"EV Br\u00e4uner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Br\u00e4uner EV, Busch AS, Eckert-Lind C, Koch T, Hickey M, Juul A. Trends in the incidence of central precocious puberty and normal variant puberty among children in Denmark, 1998 to 2017. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(10):e2015665.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2084_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0283510","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0283510","volume":"18","author":"S Kang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kang S, Park MJ, Kim JM, Yuk JS, Kim SH. Ongoing increasing trends in central precocious puberty incidence among Korean boys and girls from 2008 to 2020. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(3):e0283510.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2084_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910119","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.910119","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Ni J, Zhang L, Yu T, Li X, Xue P, Liu Y, Gao B, Xue X, Kong H, et al. The prevalence of precocious puberty among children in Qufu City, Shandong Province, China, a population-based study. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:910119.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2084_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02630-3","volume":"72","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Yu T, Li X, Pan D, Lai X, Chen Y, Wang X, Yu X, Fu S, Huang S, et al. Prevalence of precocious puberty among Chinese children: a school population-based study. Endocrine. 2021;72(2):573\u201381.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"1","key":"2084_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03350-x","volume":"22","author":"T Yu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yu T, Yu Y, Li X, Xue P, Yu X, Chen Y, Kong H, Lin C, Wang X, Mei H, et al. Effects of childhood obesity and related genetic factors on precocious puberty: protocol for a multi-center prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2022;22(1):310.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2084_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00064.x","volume":"7","author":"TJ Cole","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cole TJ, Lobstein T. Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2012;7(4):284\u201394.","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"2084_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls. Archives Disease Child 1969, 44(235):291\u2013303.","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.235.291"},{"issue":"239","key":"2084_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.239.13","volume":"45","author":"WA Marshall","year":"1970","unstructured":"Marshall WA, Tanner JM. Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys. Arch Dis Child. 1970;45(239):13\u201323.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"3","key":"2084_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.12.019","volume":"51","author":"Y Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun Y, Tao FB, Su PY, Mai JC, Shi HJ, Han YT, Wang H, Lou XM, Han J, Liu J. National estimates of the pubertal milestones among urban and rural Chinese girls. J Adolesc Health: Official Publication Soc Adolesc Med. 2012;51(3):279\u201384.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health: Official Publication Soc Adolesc Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2084_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2012.712156","volume":"39","author":"Y Sun","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sun Y, Tao F, Su PY. National estimates of pubertal milestones among urban and rural Chinese boys. Ann Hum Biol. 2012;39(6):461\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Hum Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2084_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0141844","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141844","volume":"10","author":"SH Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim SH, Huh K, Won S, Lee KW, Park MJ. A significant increase in the incidence of central precocious puberty among Korean girls from 2004 to 2010. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0141844.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2084_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.12.022","volume":"208","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim YJ, Kwon A, Jung MK, Kim KE, Suh J, Chae HW, Kim DH, Ha S, Seo GH, Kim HS. Incidence and prevalence of central precocious puberty in korea: an epidemiologic study based on a National database. J Pediatr. 2019;208:221\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2084_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03110-w","volume":"96","author":"X Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen X, Fu S, Chen C, Yuan Y, Dai Z, Chen A, Zhang B, Liu S, Lin C. Association of traditional dietary pattern with early and precocious puberty: a population-based cross-sectional study. Pediatr Res. 2024;96(1):245\u201352.","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"2084_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5004","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235004","volume":"14","author":"J Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang J, Xue P, Huang X, Lin C, Liu S. Diet and nutrients intakes during infancy and childhood in relation to early puberty: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2022;14(23):5004.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"2084_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4184","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114184","volume":"13","author":"AK Sakali","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakali AK, Bargiota A, Fatouros IG, Jamurtas A, Macut D, Mastorakos G, Papagianni M. Effects on puberty of Nutrition-Mediated endocrine disruptors employed in agriculture. Nutrients. 2021;13(11):4184.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"2084_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-21-0424","volume":"185","author":"WD Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lin WD, Cheng CF, Wang CH, Liang WM, Chen CH, Hsieh AR, Chiu ML, Lin TH, Liao CC, Huang SM, et al. Genetic factors of idiopathic central precocious puberty and their polygenic risk in early puberty. Eur J Endocrinol. 2021;185(4):441\u201351.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2084_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8202","volume":"87","author":"IM van der Sluis","year":"2002","unstructured":"van der Sluis IM, Boot AM, Krenning EP, Drop SL, de Muinck Keizer-Schrama SM. Longitudinal follow-up of bone density and body composition in children with precocious or early puberty before, during and after cessation of GnRH agonist therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):506\u201312.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2084_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2008.08.004","volume":"30","author":"S Ohkura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ohkura S, Uenoyama Y, Yamada S, Homma T, Takase K, Inoue N, Maeda K, Tsukamura H. Physiological role of metastin\/kisspeptin in regulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion in female rats. Peptides. 2009;30(1):49\u201356.","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"issue":"2","key":"2084_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01012.x","volume":"33","author":"M Tena-Sempere","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptin\/GPR54 system as potential target for endocrine disruption of reproductive development and function. Int J Androl. 2010;33(2):360\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Androl"},{"issue":"5","key":"2084_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2009.02.004","volume":"20","author":"ML Ahmed","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ahmed ML, Ong KK, Dunger DB. Childhood obesity and the timing of puberty. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2009;20(5):237\u201342.","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"2084_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1667","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz222","volume":"105","author":"AS Busch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Busch AS, H\u00f8jgaard B, Hagen CP, Teilmann G. Obesity is associated with earlier pubertal onset in boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019;105(4):e1667\u201372.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"2084_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busch AS, H\u00f8jgaard B, Hagen CP, Teilmann G. Obesity is associated with earlier pubertal onset in boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(4)e1667\u2013e1672.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz222"},{"key":"2084_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1056871","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1056871","volume":"13","author":"L Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi L, Jiang Z, Zhang L. Childhood obesity and central precocious puberty. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1056871.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2084_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzounakou AM, Stathori G, Paltoglou G, Valsamakis G, Mastorakos G, Vlahos NF, Charmandari E. Childhood obesity, hypothalamic Inflammation, and the onset of puberty: a narrative review. Nutrients. 2024;16(11):1720 .","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16111720"},{"key":"2084_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2017.07.008","volume":"48","author":"M Manfredi-Lozano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Manfredi-Lozano M, Roa J, Tena-Sempere M. Connecting metabolism and gonadal function: novel central neuropeptide pathways involved in the metabolic control of puberty and fertility. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2018;48:37\u201349.","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2084_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stathori G, Tzounakou AM, Mastorakos G, Vlahos NF, Charmandari E, Valsamakis G. Alterations in appetite-regulating hormones in girls with central early or precocious puberty. Nutrients. 2023;15(19):4306 .","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15194306"},{"key":"2084_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calcaterra V, Cena H, Loperfido F, Rossi V, Grazi R, Quatrale A, De Giuseppe R, Manuelli M, Zuccotti G. Evaluating phthalates and bisphenol in foods: risks for precocious puberty and early-onset obesity. Nutrients. 2024;16(16):2732 .","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16162732"},{"key":"2084_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-023-02146-9","volume":"47","author":"G Goggi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Goggi G, Moro M, Chil\u00e0 A, Fatti L, Cangiano B, Federici S, Galazzi E, Carbone E, Soranna D, Vezzoli V, et al. COVID-19 lockdown and the rate of central precocious puberty. J Endocrinol Investig. 2023;47:315\u201323.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"2084_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839895","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.839895","volume":"13","author":"Y Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Y, Chen J, Tang Y, Zhang Q, Wang Y, Li Q, Li X, Weng Z, Huang J, Wang X, et al. Difference of precocious puberty between before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study among Shanghai school-aged girls. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:839895.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2084_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107911","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1107911","volume":"13","author":"S Prosperi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Prosperi S, Chiarelli F. Early and precocious puberty during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1107911.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"key":"2084_CR34","first-page":"17","volume":"3","author":"TR Chakraborty","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chakraborty TR, Alicea E, Chakraborty S. Relationships between urinary biomarkers of phytoestrogens, phthalates, phenols, and pubertal stages in girls. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2012;3:17\u201326.","journal-title":"Adolesc Health Med Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"2084_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-021-01163-9","volume":"47","author":"V Assirelli","year":"2021","unstructured":"Assirelli V, Baronio F, Ortolano R, Maltoni G, Zucchini S, Di Natale V, Cassio A. Transient central precocious puberty: a new entity among the spectrum of precocious puberty? Ital J Pediatr. 2021;47(1):210.","journal-title":"Ital J Pediatr"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02084-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02084-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02084-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:21:46Z","timestamp":1762874506000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02084-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02084-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the institution review board of Shanghai Children\u2019 s Medical Center [SCMCIRB-K2019007], Bo Ai Hospital of Zhongshan [KY-2019-004-01] and Qufu People\u2019 s Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents of all children involved in the study. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"256"}}