{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:19:02Z","timestamp":1772165942750,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013254","name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202110023010, 2022zglc06080, 2023zglc06022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202110023010, 2022zglc06080, 2023zglc06022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-B-016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-B-016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-025-02092-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T09:57:54Z","timestamp":1764237474000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Revamped perspective on conventional interpretation: the foreboding prognostic significance of low-lateralization in inferior petrosal sinus sampling for diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiaxuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2092_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4381","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26029","volume":"117","author":"S Ejaz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ejaz S, et al. Cushing syndrome secondary to ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion: the university of Texas MD Anderson cancer center experience. Cancer. 2011;117:4381\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cncr.26029.","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"2092_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0046","volume":"7","author":"KDS Jarial","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jarial KDS, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and comparison of BIPSS in response to lysine vasopressin and hCRH. Endocr Connect. 2018;7:425\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-18-0046.","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"2092_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(21)00235-7","volume":"9","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fleseriu M, et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of cushing\u2019s disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9:847\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(21)00235-7.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Findling JW, Nieman L, Tabarin A. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(e3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1705984.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1705984"},{"key":"2092_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm199109263251301","volume":"325","author":"EH Oldfield","year":"1991","unstructured":"Oldfield EH, et al. Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of cushing\u2019s syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1991;325:897\u2013905. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm199109263251301.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2092_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Frete C, et al. Non-invasive diagnostic strategy in ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa409.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa409"},{"key":"2092_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgac686","volume":"108","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ceccato F, Barbot M, Mondin A, Boscaro M, Fleseriu M, Scaroni C. Dynamic testing for differential diagnosis of ACTH-Dependent Cushing syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2023;108:e178\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgac686.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_60_24","volume":"28","author":"P Shivnani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shivnani P, et al. Performance of vasopressin stimulated bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Corticotropin dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome with negative or equivocal 3 Tesla contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of pituitary. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2024;28:589\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijem.ijem_60_24.","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1007\/bf03345640","volume":"31","author":"L Vilar","year":"2008","unstructured":"Vilar L, et al. The role of non-invasive dynamic tests in the diagnosis of cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Endocrinol Investig. 2008;31:1008\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf03345640.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig"},{"key":"2092_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.k08e-353","volume":"56","author":"T Suda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suda T, Kageyama K, Nigawara T, Sakihara S. Evaluation of diagnostic tests for ACTH-Dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocr J. 2009;56:469\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.k08e-353.","journal-title":"Endocr J"},{"key":"2092_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-14-0912","volume":"173","author":"K Ritzel","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ritzel K, et al. ACTH after 15 min distinguishes between cushing\u2019s disease and ectopic cushing\u2019s syndrome: a proposal for a short and simple CRH test. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;173:197\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-14-0912.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01776.x","volume":"58","author":"G Reimondo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reimondo G, et al. The corticotrophin-releasing hormone test is the most reliable noninvasive method to differentiate pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 2003;58:718\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01776.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2285","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3943","volume":"98","author":"JJ Wind","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wind JJ, Lonser RR, Nieman LK, DeVroom HL, Chang R, Oldfield EH. The lateralization accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in 501 patients with cushing\u2019s disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:2285\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-3943.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020374","volume":"88","author":"V Lefournier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lefournier V, et al. Accuracy of bilateral inferior petrosal or cavernous sinuses sampling in predicting the lateralization of cushing\u2019s disease pituitary microadenoma: influence of catheter position and anatomy of venous blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:196\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2002-020374.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-018-1779-x","volume":"63","author":"S Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen S, et al. The effects of sampling lateralization on bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling and desmopressin stimulation test for pediatric cushing\u2019s disease. Endocrine. 2019;63:582\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-018-1779-x.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2092_CR16","first-page":"865","volume":"32","author":"X Shi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shi X, et al. Assessment of bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of the ACTH-dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome: a comparison with other tests. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2011;32:865\u201373.","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol Lett"},{"key":"2092_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-009-0200-4","volume":"13","author":"C Daousi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daousi C, Nixon T, Javadpour M, Hayden K, MacFarlane IA. Inferior petrosal sinus ACTH and prolactin responses to CRH in ACTH-dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome: a single centre experience from the united Kingdom. Pituitary. 2010;13:95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-009-0200-4.","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"2092_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-011-0915-6","volume":"54","author":"L Andereggen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Andereggen L, et al. Selective inferior petrosal sinus sampling without venous outflow diversion in the detection of a pituitary adenoma in cushing\u2019s syndrome. Neuroradiology. 2012;54:495\u2013503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00234-011-0915-6.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"2092_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05299","volume":"6","author":"M Ghorbani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghorbani M, et al. Lateralization of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in cushing\u2019s disease correlates with cavernous sinus venous blood patterns, but not tumor lateralization. Heliyon. 2020;6:e05299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05299.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2092_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.2.8636253","volume":"81","author":"AN Mamelak","year":"1996","unstructured":"Mamelak AN, Dowd CF, Tyrrell JB, McDonald JF, Wilson CB. Venous angiography is needed to interpret inferior petrosal sinus and cavernous sinus sampling data for lateralizing adrenocorticotropin-secreting adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996;81:475\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.81.2.8636253.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurad.2019.05.004","volume":"48","author":"L Andereggen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Andereggen L, et al. Influence of inferior petrosal sinus blood symmetry on detection of adenomas in cushing\u2019s syndrome. J Neuroradiol. 2021;48:10\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurad.2019.05.004.","journal-title":"J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"2092_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen S, et al. The Optimal cut-off of BIPSS in differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: is stimulation necessary? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgz194.","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz194"},{"key":"2092_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bvae056","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae056","volume":"8","author":"S Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen S, et al. Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling without lateralization is less accurate for the diagnosis of Cushing disease. J Endocr Soc. 2024;8:bvae056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvae056.","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"2092_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.150.1.6316418","volume":"150","author":"JL Doppman","year":"1984","unstructured":"Doppman JL, et al. Petrosal sinus sampling for Cushing syndrome: anatomical and technical considerations. Work in progress. Radiology. 1984;150:99\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiology.150.1.6316418.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2092_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-012-0455-z","volume":"16","author":"N Hameed","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hameed N, et al. Remission rate after transsphenoidal surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed cushing\u2019s disease, the role of cortisol, ACTH assessment and immediate reoperation: a large single center experience. Pituitary. 2013;16:452\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-012-0455-z.","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"2092_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R227","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0883","volume":"172","author":"S Petersenn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Petersenn S, et al. Therapy of endocrine disease: outcomes in patients with cushing\u2019s disease undergoing transsphenoidal surgery: systematic review assessing criteria used to define remission and recurrence. Eur J Endocrinol. 2015;172:R227\u2013239. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-14-0883.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030871","volume":"88","author":"G Arnaldi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Arnaldi G, et al. Diagnosis and complications of cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:5593\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-030871.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1530\/eje-09-0627","volume":"163","author":"L Guignat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guignat L, Bertherat J. The diagnosis of cushing\u2019s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline: commentary from a European perspective. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163:9\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje-09-0627.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1818","volume":"100","author":"LK Nieman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nieman LK, et al. Treatment of cushing\u2019s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:2807\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-1818.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02700.x","volume":"66","author":"MC Machado","year":"2007","unstructured":"Machado MC, et al. The role of Desmopressin in bilateral and simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling for differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 2007;66:136\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2006.02700.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR31","unstructured":"Bonelli FS, Huston J 3rd, Carpenter PC, Erickson D, Young WF Jr., Meyer FB. Adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome: sensitivity and specificity of inferior petrosal sinus sampling. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:690\u20136."},{"key":"2092_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02115.x","volume":"61","author":"C Liu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Liu C, et al. Cavernous and inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the evaluation of ACTH-dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin Endocrinol. 2004;61:478\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02115.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1998.89.5.0762","volume":"89","author":"A Teramoto","year":"1998","unstructured":"Teramoto A, Yoshida Y, Sanno N, Nemoto S. Cavernous sinus sampling in patients with adrenocorticotrophic hormone-dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome with emphasis on inter- and intracavernous adrenocorticotrophic hormone gradients. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:762\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.1998.89.5.0762.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2092_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0215","volume":"157","author":"F Castinetti","year":"2007","unstructured":"Castinetti F, et al. Desmopressin test during petrosal sinus sampling: a valuable tool to discriminate pituitary or ectopic ACTH-dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:271\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-07-0215.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6574","volume":"85","author":"MI Wiggam","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wiggam MI, et al. Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome: a comparison with other diagnostic tests. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:1525\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.85.4.6574.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3752","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032249","volume":"89","author":"B Swearingen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Swearingen B, et al. Diagnostic errors after inferior petrosal sinus sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;89:3752\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-032249.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.01990.x","volume":"60","author":"D Erickson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Erickson D, et al. Internal jugular vein sampling in adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent cushing\u2019s syndrome: a comparison with inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Clin Endocrinol. 2004;60:413\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.01990.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2691","volume":"92","author":"S Tsagarakis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tsagarakis S, Vassiliadi D, Kaskarelis IS, Komninos J, Souvatzoglou E, Thalassinos N. The application of the combined corticotropin-releasing hormone plus Desmopressin stimulation during petrosal sinus sampling is both sensitive and specific in differentiating patients with cushing\u2019s disease from patients with the occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2080\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2006-2691.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3171\/2023.6.JNS2320","volume":"140","author":"ML Martini","year":"2024","unstructured":"Martini ML, et al. Angiographic cross-filling between inferior petrosal sinuses and alteration of adrenocorticotropic hormone sampling results for tumor localization in Cushing disease. J Neurosurg. 2024;140:386\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2023.6.JNS2320.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"2092_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae180","volume":"110","author":"AN Demir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Demir AN, et al. Machine learning May be an alternative to BIPSS in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2025;110:e412\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae180.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2092_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-020-02432-z","volume":"70","author":"LT Braun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Braun LT, et al. Recurrence after pituitary surgery in adult cushing\u2019s disease: a systematic review on diagnosis and treatment. Endocrine. 2020;70:218\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-020-02432-z.","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"2092_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.80.11.7593411","volume":"80","author":"D Bochicchio","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M. Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of cushing\u2019s disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery: a retrospective study by the European cushing\u2019s disease survey group. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 1995;80:3114\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.80.11.7593411.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism"},{"key":"2092_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01261.x","volume":"54","author":"GH Chee","year":"2001","unstructured":"Chee GH, Mathias DB, James RA, Kendall-Taylor P. Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in cushing\u2019s disease: can we predict outcome? Clin Endocrinol. 2001;54:617\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01261.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490195","volume":"149","author":"S Cannavo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cannavo S, et al. Long-term results of treatment in patients with ACTH-secreting pituitary macroadenomas. Eur J Endocrinol. 2003;149:195\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/eje.0.1490195.","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1159\/000496753","volume":"108","author":"Y Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu Y, et al. Prediction of recurrence after transsphenoidal surgery for cushing\u2019s disease: the use of machine learning algorithms. Neuroendocrinology. 2019;108:201\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000496753.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2092_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Barker FG 2nd, Klibanski A, Swearingen B. Transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary tumors in the united States, 1996\u20132000: mortality, morbidity, and the effects of hospital and surgeon volume. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:4709\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-030461.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030461"},{"key":"2092_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-018-0904-4","volume":"21","author":"J Honegger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Honegger J, Grimm F. The experience with transsphenoidal surgery and its importance to outcomes. Pituitary. 2018;21:545\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-018-0904-4.","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"2092_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01511.x","volume":"56","author":"DA Rees","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rees DA, Hanna FW, Davies JS, Mills RG, Vafidis J, Scanlon MF. Long-term follow-up results of transsphenoidal surgery for cushing\u2019s disease in a single centre using strict criteria for remission. Clin Endocrinol. 2002;56:541\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01511.x.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2092_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-019-01151-1","volume":"43","author":"AL Serban","year":"2020","unstructured":"Serban AL, et al. Determinants of outcome of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease in a single-centre series. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020;43:631\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-019-01151-1.","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Invest"},{"key":"2092_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3300","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab138","volume":"106","author":"F de Vries","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Vries F, et al. Outcome squares integrating efficacy and Safety, as applied to functioning pituitary adenoma surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:e3300\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab138.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02092-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02092-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02092-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T09:57:56Z","timestamp":1764237476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcendocrdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02092-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-025-02092-y","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-6439992\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Patients signed informed consent before information and blood samples were collected and approved using their information and samples in future scientific research. Our study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human ethics and consent to participate declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"275"}}