{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T14:26:41Z","timestamp":1782311201586,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02169-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T16:35:05Z","timestamp":1770395705000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The association between the glucose-lipid metabolism index and the cardiovascular disease prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes participants: evidence from NHANES 2001\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Ruishan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peiyao","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongbin","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenke","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2169_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010","volume":"76","author":"GA Roth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, Barengo NC, Beaton AZ, Benjamin EJ, Benziger CP, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2982\u20133021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.11.010.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"2169_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.109.192703","volume":"121","author":"DM Lloyd-Jones","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lloyd-Jones DM, Hong Y, Labarthe D, Mozaffarian D, Appel LJ, Van Horn L, Greenlund K, Daniels S, Nichol G, Tomaselli GF, et al. Defining and setting National goals for cardiovascular health promotion and disease reduction: the American heart association\u2019s strategic impact goal through 2020 and beyond. Circulation. 2010;121:586\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.109.192703.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2169_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02261-8","volume":"23","author":"C Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu C, Liang D. The association between the triglyceride-glucose index and the risk of cardiovascular disease in US population aged\u2009\u2264\u200965 years with prediabetes or diabetes: a population-based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02261-8.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02115-9","volume":"23","author":"K Dang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dang K, Wang X, Hu J, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Qi X, Liu L, Ming Z, Tao X, Li Y. The association between triglyceride-glucose index and its combination with obesity indicators and cardiovascular disease: NHANES 2003\u20132018. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-02115-9.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1161\/circheartfailure.112.000022","volume":"6","author":"D Banerjee","year":"2013","unstructured":"Banerjee D, Biggs ML, Mercer L, Mukamal K, Kaplan R, Barzilay J, Kuller L, Kizer JR, Djousse L, Tracy R, et al. Insulin resistance and risk of incident heart failure: cardiovascular health study. Circulation Heart Fail. 2013;6:364\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circheartfailure.112.000022.","journal-title":"Circulation Heart Fail"},{"key":"2169_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01729-9","volume":"21","author":"X Tian","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tian X, Chen S, Wang P, Xu Q, Zhang Y, Luo Y, Wu S, Wang A. Insulin resistance mediates obesity-related risk of cardiovascular disease: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:289. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01729-9.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.1.57","volume":"23","author":"E Bonora","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bonora E, Targher G, Alberiche M, Bonadonna RC, Saggiani F, Zenere MB, Monauni T, Muggeo M. Homeostasis model assessment closely mirrors the glucose clamp technique in the assessment of insulin sensitivity: studies in subjects with various degrees of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care. 2000;23:57\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/diacare.23.1.57.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2169_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01541-5","volume":"21","author":"H Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li H, Zuo Y, Qian F, Chen S, Tian X, Wang P, Li X, Guo X, Wu S, Wang A. Triglyceride-glucose index variability and incident cardiovascular disease: a prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01541-5.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2008.0034","volume":"6","author":"LE Simental-Mend\u00eda","year":"2008","unstructured":"Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6:299\u2013304. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/met.2008.0034.","journal-title":"Metab Syndr Relat Disord"},{"key":"2169_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/s1521-690x(03)00042-3","volume":"17","author":"G Pacini","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pacini G, Mari A. Methods for clinical assessment of insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;17:305\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1521-690x(03)00042-3.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2169_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132155","volume":"25","author":"GM Reaven","year":"2005","unstructured":"Reaven GM. The insulin resistance syndrome: definition and dietary approaches to treatment. Annu Rev Nutr. 2005;25:391\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132155.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"2169_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7108","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.7108","volume":"13","author":"H Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang H, Ruan S, Wu Z, Yan Q, Chen Y, Cui J, Zhang Z, Huang S, Hou B, Zhang C. Prognostic significance of glucose-lipid metabolic index in pancreatic cancer patients with diabetes mellitus. Cancer Med. 2024;13:e7108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.7108.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2169_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01762-2","volume":"22","author":"B Che","year":"2023","unstructured":"Che B, Zhong C, Zhang R, Pu L, Zhao T, Zhang Y, Han L. Triglyceride-glucose index and triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio as potential cardiovascular disease risk factors: an analysis of UK biobank data. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22:34. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01762-2.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0202","volume":"45","author":"T Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang T, Li M, Zeng T, Hu R, Xu Y, Xu M, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Wang S, Lin H, et al. Association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk varies according to glucose tolerance status: A nationwide prospective cohort study. Diabetes Care. 2022;45:1863\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc22-0202.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2169_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154766","volume":"119","author":"MA Hill","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hill MA, Yang Y, Zhang L, Sun Z, Jia G, Parrish AR, Sowers JR. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular stiffening and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism. 2021;119:154766. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154766.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2169_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12914","volume":"171","author":"AM Tobin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tobin AM, Hackett CB, Rogers S, Collins P, Richards HL, O\u2019Shea D, Kirby B. Body mass index, waist circumference and HOMA-IR correlate with the psoriasis area and severity index in patients with psoriasis receiving phototherapy. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171:436\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjd.12914.","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"2169_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0288","volume":"95","author":"F Guerrero-Romero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mend\u00eda LE, Gonz\u00e1lez-Ortiz M, Mart\u00ednez-Abundis E, Ramos-Zavala MG, Hern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez SO, Jacques-Camarena O, Rodr\u00edguez-Mor\u00e1n M. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3347\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-0288.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2169_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147916412311736","DOI":"10.1177\/14791641231173617","volume":"20","author":"X Huang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang X, He J, Wu G, Peng Z, Yang B, Ye L. TyG-BMI and hypertension in normoglycemia subjects in japan: A cross-sectional study. Diab Vasc Dis Res. 2023;20:14791641231173617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/14791641231173617.","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"key":"2169_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01342-2","volume":"20","author":"S Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu S, Xu L, Wu M, Chen S, Wang Y, Tian Y. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of arterial stiffness: a cohort study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20:146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-021-01342-2.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1920","volume":"42","author":"K Park","year":"2019","unstructured":"Park K, Ahn CW, Lee SB, Kang S, Nam JS, Lee BK, Kim JH, Park JS. Elevated TyG index predicts progression of coronary artery calcification. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:1569\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc18-1920.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2169_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01391-7","volume":"20","author":"YW Lu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lu YW, Chang CC, Chou RH, Tsai YL, Liu LK, Chen LK, Huang PH, Lin SJ. Gender difference in the association between TyG index and subclinical atherosclerosis: results from the I-Lan longitudinal aging study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20:206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-021-01391-7.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-022-01546-0","volume":"21","author":"X Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu X, Tan Z, Huang Y, Zhao H, Liu M, Yu P, Ma J, Zhao Y, Zhu W, Wang J. Relationship between the triglyceride-glucose index and risk of cardiovascular diseases and mortality in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21:124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-022-01546-0.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01268-9","volume":"20","author":"X Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ding X, Wang X, Wu J, Zhang M, Cui M. Triglyceride-glucose index and the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20:76. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-021-01268-9.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0982-2","volume":"19","author":"J Alizargar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alizargar J, Bai CH, Hsieh NC, Wu SV. Use of the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) in cardiovascular disease patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-019-0982-2.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2169_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42700-1","volume":"9","author":"YR Cho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cho YR, Ann SH, Won KB, Park GM, Kim YG, Yang DH, Kang JW, Lim TH, Kim HK, Choe J, et al. Association between insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and coronary artery disease according to the presence of diabetes. Sci Rep. 2019;9:6129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-42700-1.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2169_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12583","volume":"46","author":"L S\u00e1nchez-\u00cd\u00f1igo","year":"2016","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-\u00cd\u00f1igo L, Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez D, Fern\u00e1ndez-Montero A, Pastrana-Delgado J, Mart\u00ednez JA. The TyG index May predict the development of cardiovascular events. Eur J Clin Invest. 2016;46:189\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/eci.12583.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2169_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jia G, Sowers JR. Hypertension in Diabetes: An Update of Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Disease. Hypertension (Dallas, Tex: 1979). 2021;78:1197\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hypertensionaha.121.17981","DOI":"10.1161\/hypertensionaha.121.17981"},{"key":"2169_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.145","volume":"12","author":"F Artunc","year":"2016","unstructured":"Artunc F, Schleicher E, Weigert C, Fritsche A, Stefan N, H\u00e4ring HU. The impact of insulin resistance on the kidney and vasculature. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:721\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrneph.2016.145.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2169_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1161\/circulationaha.105.535039","volume":"112","author":"J Arnl\u00f6v","year":"2005","unstructured":"Arnl\u00f6v J, Pencina MJ, Nam BH, Meigs JB, Fox CS, Levy D, D\u2019Agostino RB, Vasan RS. Relations of insulin sensitivity to longitudinal blood pressure tracking: variations with baseline age, body mass index, and blood pressure. Circulation. 2005;112:1719\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/circulationaha.105.535039.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2169_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02308-w","volume":"23","author":"Z Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou Z, Liu Q, Zheng M, Zuo Z, Zhang G, Shi R, Wu T. Comparative study on the predictive value of TG\/HDL-C, TyG and TyG-BMI indices for 5-year mortality in critically ill patients with chronic heart failure: a retrospective study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23:213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-024-02308-w.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02169-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02169-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02169-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T14:00:14Z","timestamp":1771509614000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02169-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2169"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02169-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The National Center for Health Statistics and the Ethics Review Board approved the protocol for NHANES, and all participants provided written informed consent. The authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest. This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"59"}}