{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:54:39Z","timestamp":1781639679782,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772582400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":37,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Anhui Province University Research Project","award":["2023AH050613"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023AH050613"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82151315, 82271568, 82101573, 82301718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82151315, 82271568, 82101573, 82301718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Subclinical Hypothyroidism (SHypo), a condition that characteristically presents with normal Thyroid Hormone (TH) levels coexisting with elevated Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) levels, has been associated with cognitive impairment. Nonetheless, its neurobiological effects remain somewhat unclear, forming the basis of this study. Herein, using a multimodal neuroimaging approach, we explored cortical thinning and disrupted Functional Connectivity (FC) in SHypo patients\u2014particularly focusing on their relationship with cognitive deficits. Brain areas such as the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) and Cingulate Gyrus (CG) exhibited substantial cortical thinning. Additionally, a marked decrease in FC was observed between the CG and regions associated with visuospatial processing. Furthermore, serum-free thyroxine (FT4) levels correlated negatively with Cortex Thickness (CT) of the right cuneus. Notably, FC also correlated positively with neuropsychological tests. Besides highlighting the potential for early neural alterations in SHypo, these findings also underscore the significance of early detection and intervention to mitigate cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02210-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T09:06:05Z","timestamp":1772615165000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical thinning in subclinical hypothyroidism: structural and functional brain changes underlying cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shuai","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jindan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xumiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhilu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhijian","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Pt 4","key":"2210_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh400","volume":"128","author":"A Golby","year":"2005","unstructured":"Golby A, Silverberg G, Race E, et al. Memory encoding in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: an fMRI study of explicit and implicit memory[J]. Brain. 2005;128(Pt 4):773\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awh400.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"7","key":"2210_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2024.0120","volume":"34","author":"F Salas-Lucia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Salas-Lucia F. Mapping Thyroid Hormone Action in the Human Brain[J]. Thyroid. 2024;34(7):815\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2024.0120.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"4","key":"2210_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00275","volume":"40","author":"AC Bianco","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, et al. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling[J]. Endocr Rev. 2019;40(4):1000\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2018-00275.","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"2210_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rovet JF. Targeting the manifestations of subclinical and overt hypothyroidism within the hippocampus[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2024;109(10):e1950-e1954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgae453","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae453"},{"issue":"11","key":"2210_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e74484","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.74484","volume":"16","author":"A Muhammad","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muhammad A, Ul Haq I, Khan MA, et al. Thyroid Functions and Cognitive Decline in the Elderly[J]. Cureus. 2024;16(11):e74484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.74484.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2210_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gharib H, Tuttle RM, Baskin HJ et al. Subclinical thyroid dysfunction: a joint statement on management from the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, the American Thyroid Association, and the Endocrine Society[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005, 90(1):581\u2013585; discussion 586\u2013587. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2004-1231","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1231"},{"key":"2210_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Peeters RP, Engl N, Med J. 2017, 376(26):2556\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMcp1611144","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1611144"},{"issue":"6","key":"2210_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.4158\/EP12280.GL","volume":"18","author":"JR Garber","year":"2012","unstructured":"Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for hypothyroidism in adults: cosponsored by the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association[J]. Endocr Pract. 2012;18(6):988\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4158\/EP12280.GL.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"issue":"2","key":"2210_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.86a.17053","volume":"86","author":"S Azim","year":"2019","unstructured":"Azim S, Nasr C. Subclinical hypothyroidism: When to treat[J]. Cleve Clin J Med. 2019;86(2):101\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3949\/ccjm.86a.17053.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"2210_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.07.013","volume":"30","author":"SH Sinha","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sinha SH, Zietlow K, Papaleontiou M. Thyroid Function and Cognitive Decline: A Narrative Review[J]. Endocr Pract. 2024;30(11):1113\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eprac.2024.07.013.","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"2210_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354372","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1354372","volume":"15","author":"Z Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Z, Liu J. Thyroid dysfunction and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, a vicious circle[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1354372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1354372.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2210_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1272\/jnms.JNMS.2023_90-506","volume":"90","author":"YT Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang YT, Jin S, Bai YB, et al. Association of Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction with Cognitive Impairment in Rats: The Role of Autophagy[J]. J Nippon Med Sch. 2023;90(5):372\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1272\/jnms.JNMS.2023_90-506.","journal-title":"J Nippon Med Sch"},{"issue":"2","key":"2210_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9052","volume":"322","author":"B Biondi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Biondi B, Cappola AR, Cooper DS. Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Review[J]. JAMA. 2019;322(2):153\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2019.9052.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2210_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725908","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.725908","volume":"15","author":"J Yin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yin J, Xie L, Luo D, et al. Changes of Structural and Functional Attention Control Networks in Subclinical Hypothyroidism[J]. Front Behav Neurosci. 2021;15:725908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnbeh.2021.725908.","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"2210_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-220302","volume":"88","author":"JM Pyun","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pyun JM, Park YH, Kim S. Subclinical Hypothyroidism and Cognitive Impairment[J]. J Alzheimers Dis. 2022;88(2):757\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/JAD-220302.","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1080\/03007995.2025.2476075","volume":"41","author":"G Brenta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Brenta G, Gottwald-Hostalek U. Comorbidities of hypothyroidism[J]. Curr Med Res Opin. 2025;41(3):421\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03007995.2025.2476075.","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"issue":"2","key":"2210_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.123.001887","volume":"389","author":"KA Alkadhi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alkadhi KA. Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Ability in Experimental Adult-Onset Hypothyroidism[J]. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2024;389(2):150\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.123.001887.","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"2210_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582519","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.582519","volume":"12","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Yang Y, Tao B, et al. Gray Matter and Regional Brain Activity Abnormalities in Subclinical Hypothyroidism[J]. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:582519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2021.582519.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"11","key":"2210_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0561","volume":"28","author":"T Ittermann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ittermann T, Wittfeld K, Nauck M, et al. High Thyrotropin Is Associated with Reduced Hippocampal Volume in a Population-Based Study from Germany[J]. Thyroid. 2018;28(11):1434\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2017.0561.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02416-0","volume":"9","author":"Y Yau","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yau Y, Zeighami Y, Baker TE, et al. Network connectivity determines cortical thinning in early Parkinson\u2019s disease progression[J]. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-017-02416-0.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-06673-w","volume":"7","author":"A Al-Ezzi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Al-Ezzi A, Arechavala RJ, Butler R, et al. Disrupted brain functional connectivity as early signature in cognitively healthy individuals with pathological CSF amyloid\/tau[J]. Commun Biol. 2024;7(1):1037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s42003-024-06673-w.","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2210_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12587","author":"M Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar M, Modi S, Rana P, et al. Alteration in intrinsic and extrinsic functional connectivity of resting state networks associated with subclinical hypothyroid[J]. J Neuroendocrinol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.12587.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"2210_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.020","volume":"287","author":"S Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao S, Wang X, Chen Z, et al. Sex differences in the association between symptom profiles and cognitive functioning in patients with depressive disorder[J]. J Affect Disord. 2021;287:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2021.03.020.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271","volume":"8","author":"RM Reitan","year":"1958","unstructured":"Reitan RM. Validity of the Trail Making Test as an Indicator of Organic Brain Damage[J]. Percept Mot Skills. 1958;8(3):271\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271.","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"2210_CR25","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler Memory Scale Revised. Psychol. Corp., San Antonio, TX, USA.[J]. 1987."},{"key":"2210_CR26","volume-title":"Adult Intelligence Scale Manual. Psychol","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1955","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Adult Intelligence Scale Manual. Psychol. New York.[J]: Corp; 1955."},{"key":"2210_CR27","unstructured":"Wechsler D. WMS-III: wechsler memory scale administration and scoring manual. Psychol. Corp.[J]. 1997."},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)00569-x","volume":"33","author":"B Fischl","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fischl B, Salat DH, Busa E, et al. Whole brain segmentation: automated labeling of neuroanatomical structures in the human brain[J]. Neuron. 2002;33(3):341\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0896-6273(02)00569-x.","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087","volume":"14","author":"B Fischl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Fischl B, van der Kouwe A, Destrieux C, et al. Automatically parcellating the human cerebral cortex[J]. Cereb Cortex. 2004;14(1):11\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cercor\/bhg087.","journal-title":"Cereb Cortex"},{"key":"2210_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fischl B, FreeSurfer[J]. NeuroImage. 2012;62(2):774\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.021"},{"issue":"14","key":"2210_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2019.05.008","volume":"64","author":"XZ Jia","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jia XZ, Wang J, Sun HY, et al. RESTplus: an improved toolkit for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data processing[J]. Sci Bull (Beijing). 2019;64(14):953\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scib.2019.05.008.","journal-title":"Sci Bull (Beijing)"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1159\/000343201","volume":"97","author":"JJ Yin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Yin JJ, Liao LM, Luo DX, et al. Spatial working memory impairment in subclinical hypothyroidism: an FMRI study[J]. Neuroendocrinology. 2013;97(3):260\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000343201.","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12001","volume":"25","author":"S Singh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singh S, Modi S, Bagga D, et al. Voxel-based morphometric analysis in hypothyroidism using diffeomorphic anatomic registration via an exponentiated lie algebra algorithm approach[J]. J Neuroendocrinol. 2013;25(3):229\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jne.12001.","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2210_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-6614-4-S1-S3","volume":"4","author":"M Pilhatsch","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pilhatsch M, Marxen M, Winter C, et al. Hypothyroidism and mood disorders: integrating novel insights from brain imaging techniques[J]. Thyroid Res. 2011;4(Suppl 1):S3. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1756-6614-4-S1-S3.","journal-title":"Thyroid Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"2210_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676","volume":"98","author":"ME Raichle","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, et al. A default mode of brain function[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(2):676\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.98.2.676.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"2210_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2235","volume":"94","author":"M Bauer","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bauer M, Silverman DH, Schlagenhauf F, et al. Brain glucose metabolism in hypothyroidism: a positron emission tomography study before and after thyroid hormone replacement therapy[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009;94(8):2922\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-2235.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0293","volume":"27","author":"HS Jeong","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jeong HS, Choi EK, Song IU, et al. Differences in Brain Glucose Metabolism During Preparation for (131)I Ablation in Thyroid Cancer Patients: Thyroid Hormone Withdrawal Versus Recombinant Human Thyrotropin[J]. Thyroid. 2017;27(1):23\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2016.0293.","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150011","volume":"6","author":"PJ Davis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Davis PJ, Sudha T, Lin HY, Mousa SA. Thyroid Hormone, Hormone Analogs, and Angiogenesis[J]. Compr Physiol. 2015;6(1):353\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c150011.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c140035","volume":"5","author":"L Calza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Calza L, Fernandez M, Giardino L. Role of the Thyroid System in Myelination and Neural Connectivity[J]. Compr Physiol. 2015;5(3):1405\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cphy.c140035.","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"issue":"6\u201307","key":"2210_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1101-9090","volume":"128","author":"A Gobel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gobel A, Gottlich M, Reinwald J, et al. The Influence of Thyroid Hormones on Brain Structure and Function in Humans[J]. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2020;128(6\u201307):432\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1101-9090.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"7","key":"2210_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1835898","volume":"132","author":"E Babur","year":"2022","unstructured":"Babur E, Canoz O, Tan B, et al. Effect of sodium selenite on synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis impaired by hypothyroidism[J]. Int J Neurosci. 2022;132(7):662\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00207454.2020.1835898.","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"2210_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.12.012","volume":"102","author":"A Gobel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gobel A, Gottlich M, Heldmann M, et al. Experimentally induced subclinical hypothyroidism causes decreased functional connectivity of the cuneus: A resting state fMRI study[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2019;102:158\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.12.012.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2210_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2541090558","volume":"254","author":"AL Bokde","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bokde AL, Lopez-Bayo P, Born C, et al. Alzheimer disease: functional abnormalities in the dorsal visual pathway[J]. Radiology. 2010;254(1):219\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/radiol.2541090558.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"7","key":"2210_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3614","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3614","volume":"14","author":"A Boustani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boustani A, Rashidy-Pour A, Bozorgi H, et al. Mild exercise plus levothyroxine ameliorate deficits of spatial navigation, anxiety profile, and hippocampal BDNF in hypothyroid male offspring rats[J]. Brain Behav. 2024;14(7):e3614. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/brb3.3614.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2210_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1293","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab744","volume":"107","author":"L Fani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fani L, Roa Duenas O, Bos D, et al. Thyroid Status and Brain Circulation: The Rotterdam Study[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(3):e1293\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgab744.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2210_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618623","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.618623","volume":"13","author":"C Portugal-Nunes","year":"2021","unstructured":"Portugal-Nunes C, Reis J, Coelho A, et al. The Association of Metabolic Dysfunction and Mood Across Lifespan Interacts With the Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity[J]. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:618623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2021.618623.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2210_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-016-3417-2","volume":"43","author":"C Liguori","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liguori C, Chiaravalloti A, Sancesario G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels and brain [18F]FDG PET hypometabolism within the default mode network in Alzheimer\u2019s disease[J]. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2016;43(11):2040\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00259-016-3417-2.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02210-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02210-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02210-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T19:19:43Z","timestamp":1781637583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02210-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2210"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02210-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 October 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"100"}}