{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:59:07Z","timestamp":1790935147162,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776729600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":39,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance (IR) are early indicators of metabolic dysfunction that often precede the development of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D). Identifying these conditions in apparently healthy youth\u2014who may not yet exhibit clinical symptoms\u2014is essential for early intervention. Therefore, we conducted this community-based study to determine the prevalence of hyperinsulinemia, IR, and their associations with measures of adiposity and body composition in 16-25-year-old adolescents and young adults in Mumbai, India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091313, M\n                      <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                      19.6 (2.1) years, 65.2% females) reported socio-demography, medical history, and physical activity levels. Hyperinsulinemia was classified as fasting insulin \u2265\u200915mIU\/ml and\/or stimulated insulin\u2009\u2265\u200980 mIU\/ml and IR as HOMA-IR\u2009&gt;\u20092.5. Anthropometry and blood pressure were measured. Sex-adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the association of adiposity measures with hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. The odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated, significant at\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.05.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The prevalence of hyperinsulinemia, IR, overweight, and obesity was 39.7%, 17.3%, 15.0%, and 20.5% respectively. Of those with prediabetes (4.5%), more than half (58.1%) were overweight and almost one-third (29.1%) had abdominal obesity. The prevalence of abdominal obesity was 15.1% in participants with normal weight and 36.4% in those with overweight or obesity. Additionally, we observed that 30.1% of participants who were normal or underweight had hyperinsulinemia, and one-third of those with IR were neither overweight nor obese. The odds of hyperglycemia increased from 2.41 times in individuals with overweight (95% CI 1.91, 6.71,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) to 4.67 times in those with obesity (95% CI 1.33, 6.37,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). Hyperinsulinemia showed significant associations with body fat percent (OR 1.13 (95% CI 1.02, 1.29)\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006), waist-to-height ratio (OR 1.66 (95% CI,1.15, 3.30),\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02), and blood pressure (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1,03, 1.20,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The high prevalence of hyperinsulinemia and IR in adolescents and young adults and their associations with obesity and elevated blood pressure highlight a clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors. The findings related to the prevalence of hyperinsulinemia and abdominal obesity in participants with normal weight suggest a need for comprehensive screening and further research to develop targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02230-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T08:53:26Z","timestamp":1773392006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of hyperinsulinemia and its association with measures of adiposity and body composition in 16-25-year-old adolescents and young adults in Mumbai"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3630-2794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panchali","family":"Moitra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1472-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jagmeet","family":"Madan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soumik","family":"Kalita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2267-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharvari","family":"Desai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6889-2795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shobha A.","family":"Udipi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rama","family":"Vaidya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2230_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar P, Srivastava S, Mishra PS, Mooss ETK. 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Eur J Med Res. 2006;11(3):97\u2013101.","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02230-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02230-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02230-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T02:46:15Z","timestamp":1776739575000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02230-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02230-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol and procedures were approved by an independent ethics committee, the Intersystem Biomedical Ethics Committee, Mumbai, India (ISBEC version 2 dated 12th Aug, 2017) before the start of the data collection. This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid out in the Declaration of Helsinki and Good Clinical Practices. Written informed consent from parents and informed assent were obtained for participants\u2009<\u200918 years in the study. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants, ages\u2009\u2265\u200918 years.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"117"}}