{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T17:10:25Z","timestamp":1779210625703,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775520000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":42,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02255-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]],"date-time":"2026-04-07T11:26:01Z","timestamp":1775561161000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Elevated gamma glutamyl transferase levels as screening marker of stage 3\u20134 hepatic fibrosis in youth-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective chart review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Aditi","family":"Dasgupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panteha Hayati","family":"Rezvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Mitsinikos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lily C.","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2255_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lawrence JM, Divers J, Isom S, Saydah S, Imperatore G, Pihoker C, et al. Trends in prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in the US, 2001\u20132017. JAMA 2021;326.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.11165"},{"key":"2255_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah AS, Zeitler PS, Wong J, Pena AS, Wicklow B, Arslanian S, et al. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2022: Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatric Diabetes. 2022; 23.","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13409"},{"key":"2255_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheka AC, Adeyi O, Thompson J, Hameed B, Crawford PA, Ikramuddin S. nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a review. JAMA. 2020;323.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.2298"},{"key":"2255_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobili V, Alisi A, Grimaldi C, Liccardo D, Francalanci P, Monti L, et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in a 7-year-old obese boy: Coincidence or comorbidity? Pediatr Obes. 2014;9(5).","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2013.00209.x"},{"key":"2255_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobili V, Alisi A, Valenti L, Miele L, Feldstein AE, Alkhouri N. NAFLD in children: new genes, new diagnostic modalities and new drugs. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0169-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"2255_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161121666221118155136","volume":"21","author":"E Muzurovi\u0107","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muzurovi\u0107 E, Polyzos SA, Mikhailidis DP, Borozan S, Novosel D, Cmiljani\u0107 O, et al. Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Children. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2023;21(1):4\u201325.","journal-title":"Curr Vasc Pharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2255_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000001368","volume":"82","author":"SA Xanthakos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xanthakos SA, Ibrahim SH, Adams K, Kohli R, Sathya P, Sundaram S, et al. AASLD Practice Statement on the evaluation and management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease in children. Hepatology. 2025;82(5):1352\u201394.","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2255_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arslanian S, Bacha F, Grey M, Marcus MD, White NH, Zeitler P. Evaluation and management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: a position statement by the American diabetes association. Diab Care. 2018;41.","DOI":"10.2337\/dci18-0052"},{"key":"2255_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hudson OD, Nunez M, Shaibi GQ. Ethnicity and elevated liver transaminases among newly diagnosed children with type 2 diabetes. BMC Pediatr. 2012;12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-174"},{"key":"2255_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Draijer L, Benninga M, Koot B, Pediatric. NAFLD: an overview and recent developments in diagnostics and treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;13.","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2019.1595589"},{"key":"2255_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hazlehurst JM, Woods C, Marjot T, Cobbold JF, Tomlinson JW. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and diabetes. Metabolism. 2016;65(8).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2016.01.001"},{"key":"2255_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansoor S, Yerian L, Kohli R, Xanthakos S, Angulo P, Ling S, et al. The evaluation of hepatic fibrosis scores in children with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(5).","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3494-7"},{"key":"2255_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosca A, Panera N, Crudele A, Alisi A. Noninvasive diagnostic tools for pediatric NAFLD: where are we now?. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol; 2020;14.","DOI":"10.1080\/17474124.2020.1801413"},{"key":"2255_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobili V, Alisi A, Vania A, Tiribelli C, Pietrobattista A, Bedogni G. The pediatric NAFLD fibrosis index: a predictor of liver fibrosis in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Med. 2009;7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-7-21"},{"issue":"6","key":"2255_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1002\/jpn3.12368","volume":"79","author":"N Ravanbakhsh","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ravanbakhsh N, Browne D, Weaver C, Gholikhani A, Kavarian P, Mitsinikos T. Comparing imaging modalities in the assessment of fibrosis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2024;79(6):1192\u20138.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"2255_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yodoshi T, Orkin S, Trout AT, Arce-Clachar AC, Bramlage K, Liu C, et al. Non-invasive approaches to estimate liver steatosis and stiffness in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022;74(4).","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003371"},{"key":"2255_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Angulo P, Hui JM, Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, George J, Farrell GC et al. The NAFLD fibrosis score: a noninvasive system that identifies liver fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. Hepatology. 2007;45(4).","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21496"},{"key":"2255_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, Sola R, Correa MC, Montaner J, et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV\/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43(6).","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21178"},{"key":"2255_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wai CT, Greenson JK, Fontana RJ, Kalbfleisch JD, Marrero JA, Conjeevaram HS, et al. A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatology. 2003;38(2).","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50346"},{"key":"2255_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook L, Espinoza J, Weiskopf NG, Mathews N, Dorr DA, Gonzales KL, et al. Issues with variability in electronic health record data about race and ethnicity: descriptive analysis of the national COVID cohort collaborative data enclave. JMIR Med Inf. 2022;10(9).","DOI":"10.2196\/39235"},{"key":"2255_CR21","unstructured":"Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs O of M and BEO of the P. Revisions to OMB\u2019s statistical policy directive No. 15: standards for maintaining, collecting, and presenting federal data on race and ethnicity, Fed Reg. 2024;89."},{"key":"2255_CR22","volume-title":"Stata Statistical Software: Release 18","author":"StataCorp","year":"2023","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata Statistical Software: Release 18. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC; 2023."},{"key":"2255_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Abreu JDMF, Azulay RS, Rodrigues V, de Abreu SLL, da, Gl\u00f3ria Tavares M, Pinheiro FCM, et al. Predictors of hepatic fibrosis in type 2 diabetes patients with metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Biomedicines. 2024;12(11).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12112542"},{"key":"2255_CR24","unstructured":"Haghighi S, Amini M, Pournaghshband Z, Amini P, Hovsepian S. Relationship between gamma-glutamyl transferase and glucose intolerance in first degree relatives of type 2 diabetics patients. J Res Med Sci. 2011;16(2)."},{"key":"2255_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gohel MG, Chacko AN. Serum GGT activity and hsCRP level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with good and poor glycemic control: an evidence linking oxidative stress, inflammation and glycemic control. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2013;12(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-12-56"},{"key":"2255_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salmela PI, Sotaniemi EA, Niemi M, Maentausta O. Liver function tests in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1984;7(3).","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.7.3.248"},{"issue":"1","key":"2255_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-024-05848-1","volume":"184","author":"AR Stroes","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stroes AR, Vos M, Benninga MA, Koot BGP. Pediatric MASLD: current understanding and practical approach. Eur J Pediatr. 2024;184(1):29.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"2255_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2026.156494","volume":"177","author":"E Muzurovi\u0107","year":"2026","unstructured":"Muzurovi\u0107 E, Katsiki N, Vol\u010dan\u0161ek, Plescia F, Rizzo M, Mantzoros CS. Emerging incretin- and multi-agonist-based treatments - the continued refinement and continuous expansion of a potent therapeutic armamentarium for cardio-kidney-liver-metabolic diseases and beyond. Metabolism. 2026;177:156494.","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2255_CR29","unstructured":"FDA Approves first treatment for patients with liver scarring due to fatty liver disease. Published Marfh 14. 2024. Accessed 15 Aug 2024. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-first-treatment-patients-liver-scarring-due-fatty-liver-disease"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02255-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02255-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02255-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T16:38:16Z","timestamp":1779208696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02255-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02255-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles as CHLA-22-00146. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The Institutional Review Board of Children\u2019s Hospital Los Angeles determined that written informed consent for participation was not required.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"JE is a paid consultant for Sanofi. Sanofi played no role in the design, execution, analysis, or write up of this work. Sanofi did not play a role in the decision to publish this manuscript and had no editorial input.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consultant role"}},{"value":"This research was presented as an oral abstract at part of conference proceedings at the Pediatric Endocrine Society National Conference in May 2024 and was published as an abstract in Hormone Research in Paediatrics on September 13, 2024.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conference proceedings"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":6,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"155"}}