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Demographics, anthropometry, and biochemical parameters\u2014including thyroid hormones, micronutrients, lipid profiles, inflammatory markers, and Epstein\u2013Barr virus PCR\u2014were assessed. Between-group differences were analyzed using the Mann\u2013Whitney U test and the \u03c7\u00b2 test. Spearman\u2019s rho was used to determine correlations, and multivariable linear regression was used to identify predictors of group status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cases and controls were similar in age (60\u2009\u00b1\u200912 vs. 60\u2009\u00b1\u200910.5 years) and body mass index (BMI) (24.85\u2009\u00b1\u20093.69 vs. 25.58\u2009\u00b1\u20093.39\u00a0kg\/m\u00b2). Compared with controls, cases had significantly lower zinc (97.98 vs. 143.03\u00a0\u00b5g\/dL), vitamin D\u2083 (88.24 vs. 152.76 nmol\/L), and HDL (88.75 vs. 152.25\u00a0mg\/dL), but higher serum cholesterol (159.56 vs. 81.44\u00a0mg\/dL), triglycerides (TG) (171.08 vs. 69.92\u00a0mg\/dL), LDL (136.06 vs. 104.94\u00a0mg\/dL), and CRP (140.05 vs. 100.95\u00a0mg\/L) (all\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In controls, TSH correlated positively with the Urea Breath Test (UBT) (rho\u2009=\u20090.334) and negatively with LDL (rho=\u20130.255). In cases, T3 showed a strong correlation with UBT (rho\u2009=\u20090.625) and a moderate correlation with PCR-EBV (rho\u2009=\u20090.417), while TSH correlated with UBT (rho\u2009=\u20090.434) and CRP (rho\u2009=\u20090.264). Regression analysis identified serum TG (\u03b2\u2009=\u200976.806, R\u00b2=0.462) and cholesterol (\u03b2\u2009=\u200964.834, R\u00b2=0.337) as the strongest predictors of case\u2013control status.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults without thyroid disease exhibit distinct biochemical and inflammatory profiles compared with those with thyroid dysfunction, highlighting lipid, micronutrient, and inflammatory markers as potential targets for risk stratification and clinical monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02275-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:26:05Z","timestamp":1776162365000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Thyroid dysfunction and its association with micronutrients, lipids, and inflammation: an analytical case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Dilshad Hamad","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6337-9199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kochr Ali","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal Faruq","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saman Taher","family":"Barzinjy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dawan Jamal","family":"Hawezy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8361-0546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sirwan Khalid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"2275_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2024.101536","volume":"55","author":"NNM Soetedjo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Soetedjo NNM, Agustini D, Permana H. 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The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee because the study involved a retrospective analysis of routinely collected laboratory data, posed minimal risk to participants, and involved no identifiable personal information. All data were fully anonymized prior to analysis, with personal identifiers removed and each participant assigned a unique study code. Data confidentiality was strictly maintained in accordance with institutional policies, national regulations, and the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Koya University, because this study involved a retrospective analysis of routinely collected laboratory data, posed minimal risk to participants, and included no identifiable personal information.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"159"}}