{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T19:35:37Z","timestamp":1793907337800,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":48,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02294-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T08:05:26Z","timestamp":1777536326000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between TyHGB and hyperuricemia and gout in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanying","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2294_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0481422","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.04814-22","volume":"11","author":"AS Steunou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Steunou AS, Babot M, Durand A, Bourbon ML, Liotenberg S, Miotello G, Armengaud J, Ouchane S. Discriminating Susceptibility of Xanthine Oxidoreductase Family to Metals. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11:e0481422.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"2294_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42344","volume":"120","author":"A So","year":"2010","unstructured":"So A, Thorens B. Uric acid transport and disease. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:1791\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2294_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2019-215315","volume":"79","author":"P Richette","year":"2020","unstructured":"Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, Barskova V, Becce F, Castaneda J, Coyfish M, Guillo S, Jansen T, Janssens H, et al. 2018 updated European League Against Rheumatism evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis of gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79:31\u20138.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"2294_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2011.207","volume":"8","author":"FM McQueen","year":"2012","unstructured":"McQueen FM, Chhana A, Dalbeth N. Mechanisms of joint damage in gout: evidence from cellular and imaging studies. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8:173\u201381.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Rheumatol"},{"key":"2294_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1358","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000001358","volume":"94","author":"JMA Wijnands","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wijnands JMA, van Durme C, Driessen JHM, Boonen A, Klop C, Leufkens B, Cooper C, Stehouwer CDA, de Vries F. Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Are at an Increased Risk of Gout But This Is Not Due to Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Med (Baltim). 2015;94:e1358.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"2294_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2012-302535","volume":"99","author":"M Kanbay","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kanbay M, Segal M, Afsar B, Kang DH, Rodriguez-Iturbe B, Johnson RJ. The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of human cardiovascular disease. Heart. 2013;99:759\u201366.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"2294_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tseng WC, Chen YT, Ou SM, Shih CJ, Tarng DC. Taiwan geriatric kidney disease research G: U-shaped association between serum uric acid levels with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in the elderly: The role of malnourishment. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007523"},{"key":"2294_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.12.021","volume":"53","author":"M Madero","year":"2009","unstructured":"Madero M, Sarnak MJ, Wang X, Greene T, Beck GJ, Kusek JW, Collins AJ, Levey AS, Menon V. Uric acid and long-term outcomes in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis. 2009;53:796\u2013803.","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"2294_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1276","volume":"31","author":"A Dehghan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dehghan A, van Hoek M, Sijbrands EJ, Hofman A, Witteman JC. High serum uric acid as a novel risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:361\u20132.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2294_CR10","first-page":"282","volume":"43","author":"C Rasmussen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rasmussen C, Larsen JW, Holm PCW, Nielsen GL. Gout: An Overlooked Disease in Patients With Diabetes? A Danish Prospective Cohort Study With 2 Years of Follow-Up. Clin Diabetes. 2025;43:282\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"2294_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2024.2020","volume":"39","author":"I Jung","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jung I, Lee DY, Chung SM, Park SY, Yu JH, Moon JS, Seo JA, Han K, Kim NH. Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease and Gout on End-Stage Renal Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: Population-Based Cohort Study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2024;39:748\u201357.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)"},{"key":"2294_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16165","volume":"27","author":"DY Lee","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lee DY, Moon JS, Jung I, Chung SM, Park SY, Yu JH, Seo JA, Han KD, Kim NH. Risk acceleration by gout on major adverse cardiovascular events and all-cause death in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27:1554\u201363.","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"2294_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835d951e","volume":"25","author":"C Li","year":"2013","unstructured":"Li C, Hsieh MC, Chang SJ. Metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and hyperuricemia. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25:210\u20136.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Rheumatol"},{"key":"2294_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu S, Zhou Z, Wu M, Zhang H, Xiao Y. Association between the triglyceride glucose index and hyperuricemia in patients with primary hypertension: a cross-sectional study. Int J Endocrinol. 2023;2023:5582306.","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5582306"},{"key":"2294_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2096","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41779","volume":"73","author":"N McCormick","year":"2021","unstructured":"McCormick N, O\u2019Connor MJ, Yokose C, Merriman TR, Mount DB, Leong A, Choi HK. Assessing the Causal Relationships Between Insulin Resistance and Hyperuricemia and Gout Using Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2021;73:2096\u2013104.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"2294_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2021.11.010","volume":"46","author":"SD Banik","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banik SD, Avila-Nava A, Lugo R, Chim Ake R, Gutierrez Solis AL. Association Between Low-Grade Inflammation and Hyperuricemia in Adults With Metabolic Syndrome in Yucatan, Mexico. Can J Diabetes. 2022;46:369\u201374.","journal-title":"Can J Diabetes"},{"key":"2294_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F826","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00012.2017","volume":"313","author":"D Toyoki","year":"2017","unstructured":"Toyoki D, Shibata S, Kuribayashi-Okuma E, Xu N, Ishizawa K, Hosoyamada M, Uchida S. Insulin stimulates uric acid reabsorption via regulating urate transporter 1 and ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2017;313:F826\u201334.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Ren Physiol"},{"key":"2294_CR18","first-page":"E214","volume":"237","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"1979","unstructured":"DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. Am J Physiol. 1979;237:E214\u2013223.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"2294_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3347","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0288","volume":"95","author":"F Guerrero-Romero","year":"2010","unstructured":"Guerrero-Romero F, Simental-Mendia LE, Gonzalez-Ortiz M, Martinez-Abundis E, Ramos-Zavala MG, Hernandez-Gonzalez SO, Jacques-Camarena O, Rodriguez-Moran M. The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95:3347\u201351.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2294_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2022.102581","volume":"16","author":"DL Tahapary","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tahapary DL, Pratisthita LB, Fitri NA, Marcella C, Wafa S, Kurniawan F, Rizka A, Tarigan TJE, Harbuwono DS, Purnamasari D, Soewondo P. Challenges in the diagnosis of insulin resistance: Focusing on the role of HOMA-IR and Tryglyceride\/glucose index. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022;16:102581.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2294_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-22194-5","volume":"25","author":"W Xia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xia W, Xie P, Zhuang Q, Zhang M, Shao N, Chen Y, Feng X. Association between uric acid\/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and testosterone deficiency in adult American men: findings from the national health and nutrition examination survey 2011\u20132016. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:939.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2294_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714019","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1714019","volume":"16","author":"F Ji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ji F, Yan B, Zhanghuang C, Wu C, Dai J, Wu S. BMI is associated with sperm quality and sex hormones in men: a meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1714019.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2294_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13905","volume":"157","author":"S Song","year":"2022","unstructured":"Song S, Zhang Y, Qiao X, Duo Y, Xu J, Peng Z, Zhang J, Chen Y, Nie X, Sun Q, et al. HOMA-IR as a risk factor of gestational diabetes mellitus and a novel simple surrogate index in early pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;157:694\u2013701.","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"2294_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06166-2","volume":"23","author":"Z Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu Z, Li C, Wang N, Song G. Association between the new TyG indicator-TyHGB and gestational diabetes mellitus: results from the case-control and prospective cohort studies. J Transl Med. 2025;23:190.","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2294_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02742-z","volume":"24","author":"E Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhao E, Wang R, Chen Y, Xie H, Gao Y, Dong B, Zhang C. Evaluation of a new TyG indicator, TyHGB, in predicting non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: evidence from two independent populations. Lipids Health Dis. 2025;24:342.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2294_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2018.1501015","volume":"23","author":"TH Chung","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chung TH, Kwon YJ, Lee YJ. High triglyceride to HDL cholesterol ratio is associated with low testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin levels in Middle-aged and elderly men. Aging Male. 2020;23:93\u20137.","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"2294_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-025-03870-7","volume":"25","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Lin H, Weng X, Dai H, Xu J. Correlation between hs-CRP-triglyceride glucose index and NAFLD and liver fibrosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2025;25:252.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2294_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200320","volume":"20","author":"SL Wallace","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wallace SL, Robinson H, Masi AT, Decker JL, McCarty DJ, Yu TF. Preliminary criteria for the classification of the acute arthritis of primary gout. Arthritis Rheum. 1977;20:895\u2013900.","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"2294_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02148-3","volume":"23","author":"H Lin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lin H, Xu J, Teng C. Correlation between remnant cholesterol and hyperuricemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23:155.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2294_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02167-0","volume":"23","author":"X Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhou X, Weng X, Xu J, Wang W. Correlation between remnant cholesterol and hyperuricemia in American adults. Lipids Health Dis. 2024;23:176.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2294_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02188-z","volume":"26","author":"D Xia","year":"2026","unstructured":"Xia D, Li C, Sun X, Huang X, Wang Z, Hao Z, Shao H. Exploration and clinical analysis of the correlation between the triglyceride-glucose index and hyperuricemia in patients with type 2 diabetes: a real-world, retrospective, cross-sectional study with subsequent cohort analysis. BMC Endocr Disord. 2026;26:65.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"2294_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523771","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1523771","volume":"16","author":"M Dao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dao M, He X, Ji Y, Guo N, Li W, Xiong Q, Meng N, Zhou D, Pi T, Zong X, et al. Comparison of different insulin resistance surrogates in predicting hyperuricemia in non-diabetic Yi residents in Yunnan Province. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1523771.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2294_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-024-01747-6","volume":"24","author":"Y Dai","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dai Y, Zhang Y, Wang B, Cao L, Wang Z. The association between triglyceride glucose index and gout: a cross-sectional analysis based on NHANES 2007\u20132018. BMC Endocr Disord. 2024;24:218.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"key":"2294_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883","volume":"28","author":"DR Matthews","year":"1985","unstructured":"Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28:412\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2294_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2018.09.010","volume":"13","author":"CJ Toro-Huamanchumo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Urrunaga-Pastor D, Guarnizo-Poma M, Lazaro-Alcantara H, Paico-Palacios S, Pantoja-Torres B, Ranilla-Seguin VDC, Benites-Zapata VA, Insulin R. Metabolic Syndrome Research G: Triglycerides and glucose index as an insulin resistance marker in a sample of healthy adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2019;13:272\u20137.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2294_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2016.08.012","volume":"47","author":"F Guerrero-Romero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Guerrero-Romero F, Villalobos-Molina R, Jimenez-Flores JR, Simental-Mendia LE, Mendez-Cruz R, Murguia-Romero M, Rodriguez-Moran M. Fasting Triglycerides and Glucose Index as a Diagnostic Test for Insulin Resistance in Young Adults. Arch Med Res. 2016;47:382\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"key":"2294_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endonu.2014.06.009","volume":"61","author":"G Unger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Unger G, Benozzi SF, Perruzza F, Pennacchiotti GL. Triglycerides and glucose index: a useful indicator of insulin resistance. Endocrinol Nutr. 2014;61:533\u201340.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Nutr"},{"key":"2294_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-021-01274-x","volume":"20","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Shi J, Peng Y, Fang Q, Mu Q, Gu W, Hong J, Zhang Y, Wang W. Stronger association of triglyceride glucose index than the HOMA-IR with arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes: a real-world single-centre study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20:82.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol"},{"key":"2294_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-021-01602-w","volume":"20","author":"W Gao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gao W, Wang J, Chen Y, Qiao H, Qian X, Xin Z, Zhao Z, Wang T, Xu Y, Xu M, et al. Discordance between the triglyceride glucose index and HOMA-IR in incident albuminuria: a cohort study from China. Lipids Health Dis. 2021;20:176.","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"key":"2294_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.11.017","volume":"32","author":"DH Son","year":"2022","unstructured":"Son DH, Lee HS, Lee YJ, Lee JH, Han JH. Comparison of triglyceride-glucose index and HOMA-IR for predicting prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32:596\u2013604.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2294_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453458","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1453458","volume":"15","author":"Y Chang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chang Y, Park JY, Song TJ. Association between the triglyceride\/high-density lipoprotein (TG\/HDL) ratio and incidence of gout: A nationwide cohort study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2024;15:1453458.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2294_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1480689","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1480689","volume":"11","author":"X Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo X, Chu H, Xu H, Wang S, He J, Wang Y. Association of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (NHHR) with gout prevalence: a cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2024;11:1480689.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2294_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1666563","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1666563","volume":"16","author":"X Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun X, Li X, Qian Z, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhao C, Liu X. Association between the triglyceride-glucose index and hyperuricemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2025;16:1666563.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2294_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26602","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11217-1","volume":"15","author":"Y Chang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chang Y, Park JY, Song TJ. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and incidence risk of gout: a nationwide cohort study. Sci Rep. 2025;15:26602.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2294_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.12997\/jla.2022.11.3.280","volume":"11","author":"MI Hayiroglu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hayiroglu MI, Cinar T, Cicek V, Palice A, Ayhan G, Tekkesin AI. The Triglyceride-Glucose Index Can Predict Long-Term Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events in Turkish Patients With High Cardiovascular Risk. J Lipid Atheroscler. 2022;11:280\u20137.","journal-title":"J Lipid Atheroscler"},{"key":"2294_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2023-0113","volume":"17","author":"KS Ozcan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ozcan KS, Hayiroglu MI, Cinar T. Admission triglyceride-glucose index is predictor of long-term mortality and appropriate implantable cardiac defibrillator therapy in patients with heart failure. Biomark Med. 2023;17:487\u201396.","journal-title":"Biomark Med"},{"key":"2294_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2278","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1246","volume":"39","author":"GT Russo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Russo GT, De Cosmo S, Viazzi F, Pacilli A, Ceriello A, Genovese S, Guida P, Giorda C, Cucinotta D, Pontremoli R, et al. Plasma Triglycerides and HDL-C Levels Predict the Development of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes: The AMD Annals Initiative. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2278\u201387.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2294_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S409410","volume":"16","author":"RH Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao RH, Liu B, Yang Y, Ran R, Zhou Y, Liu SM. Serum Lipoprotein(a) and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Associate with Diabetic Nephropathy: Evidence from Machine Learning Perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2023;16:1847\u201358.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2294_CR49","first-page":"145","volume":"4","author":"AI Tekkesin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tekkesin AI, Hayiroglu MI, Zehir R, Turkkan C, Keskin M, Cinier G, Alper AT. The use of monocyte to HDL ratio to predict postoperative atrial fibrillation after aortocoronary bypass graft surgery. North Clin Istanb. 2017;4:145\u201350.","journal-title":"North Clin Istanb"},{"key":"2294_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.70049","volume":"8","author":"J Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhan JB, Yi L, Mei C, Chen LW, Wang GP, Shi ZJ, Zhou WJ, Xiong CE, Cheng J. Body Mass Index as a Potential Mediator of the Association Between Gout and Hypertension Among Chinese Older Adults: A Mediation Analysis in a Cross-Sectional Study. Aging Med (Milton). 2025;8:434\u201346.","journal-title":"Aging Med (Milton)"},{"key":"2294_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S484045","volume":"17","author":"H Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li H, Gao G, Xu Z, Zhao L, Xing Y, He J, Gao Y. Association and Diagnostic Value of TyG-BMI for Hyperuricemia in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2024;17:4663\u201373.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"key":"2294_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70028","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.70028","volume":"8","author":"K Mutailipu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mutailipu K, Guo J, Yin J, Wang Y, Lu L, Jia X, Zhang J, Qu S, Chen H, Bu L. Association Between TyG-BMI Index and Hyperuricemia in Adult Women. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab. 2025;8:e70028.","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"2294_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2467","volume":"93","author":"R Yahyaoui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Yahyaoui R, Esteva I, Haro-Mora JJ, Almaraz MC, Morcillo S, Rojo-Martinez G, Martinez J, Gomez-Zumaquero JM, Gonzalez I, Hernando V, Soriguer F. Effect of long-term administration of cross-sex hormone therapy on serum and urinary uric acid in transsexual persons. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93:2230\u20133.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2294_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.11.040","volume":"226","author":"R Bao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bao R, Chen B, Wang A, Wang D, Pan J, Chen Q, Wu Y, Zhu Z, Yu H, Zhang Y, Wang T. Intestinal FXR deficiency induces dysregulation of xanthine oxidase and accounts for sex difference in hyperuricemia. Free Radic Biol Med. 2025;226:374\u201388.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2294_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-011-9466-8","volume":"18","author":"Z Suba","year":"2012","unstructured":"Suba Z. Interplay between insulin resistance and estrogen deficiency as co- activators in carcinogenesis. Pathol Oncol Res. 2012;18:123\u201333.","journal-title":"Pathol Oncol Res"},{"key":"2294_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00033.2011","volume":"93","author":"A Tchernof","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tchernof A, Despres JP. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:359\u2013404.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2294_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470210076036","volume":"266","author":"F Facchini","year":"1991","unstructured":"Facchini F, Chen YD, Hollenbeck CB, Reaven GM. Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration. JAMA. 1991;266:3008\u201311.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2294_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanai H, Adachi H, Hakoshima M, Katsuyama H. Molecular biological and clinical understanding of the pathophysiology and treatments of hyperuricemia and its association with metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases and chronic kidney disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22179221"},{"key":"2294_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.601","volume":"5","author":"MG Battelli","year":"2016","unstructured":"Battelli MG, Polito L, Bortolotti M, Bolognesi A. Xanthine oxidoreductase in cancer: more than a differentiation marker. Cancer Med. 2016;5:546\u201357.","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"key":"2294_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.363","volume":"83","author":"SC Textor","year":"2013","unstructured":"Textor SC, Misra S, Oderich GS. Percutaneous revascularization for ischemic nephropathy: the past, present, and future. Kidney Int. 2013;83:28\u201340.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"2294_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1007\/s00380-019-01375-4","volume":"34","author":"K Kawachi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kawachi K, Kataoka H, Manabe S, Mochizuki T, Nitta K. Low HDL cholesterol as a predictor of chronic kidney disease progression: a cross-classification approach and matched cohort analysis. Heart Vessels. 2019;34:1440\u201355.","journal-title":"Heart Vessels"},{"key":"2294_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-4-12","volume":"4","author":"EP de Oliveira","year":"2012","unstructured":"de Oliveira EP, Burini RC. High plasma uric acid concentration: causes and consequences. Diabetol Metab Syndr. 2012;4:12.","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2294_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2012.09.013","volume":"60","author":"S Yamamoto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yamamoto S, Yancey PG, Ikizler TA, Jerome WG, Kaseda R, Cox B, Bian A, Shintani A, Fogo AB, Linton MF, et al. Dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein in patients on chronic hemodialysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:2372\u20139.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02294-y","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02294-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02294-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T05:03:25Z","timestamp":1781672605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02294-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02294-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University (2025-K-270-01), and obtained the written informed consent of all participants according to the Declaration of Helsinki. All methods were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"178"}}