{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:30:02Z","timestamp":1785522602403,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":46,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02299-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T09:35:42Z","timestamp":1777541742000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The association between sarcopenia and carotid artery plaque: a mediation analysis of inflammatory biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Hongze","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jushun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenying","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-019-0685-7","volume":"18","author":"A Saxena","year":"2019","unstructured":"Saxena A, Ng EYK, Lim ST. Imaging modalities to diagnose carotid artery stenosis: progress and prospect. Biomed Eng Online. 2019;18(1):66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12938-019-0685-7.","journal-title":"Biomed Eng Online"},{"issue":"11","key":"2299_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.038","volume":"77","author":"D Bos","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bos D, Arshi B, van den Bouwhuijsen QJA, Ikram MK, Selwaness M, Vernooij MW, Kavousi M, van der Lugt A. Atherosclerotic Carotid Plaque Composition and Incident Stroke and Coronary Events. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(11):1426\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.01.038.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2299_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2735","DOI":"10.1161\/hs1201.100209","volume":"32","author":"PL Kolominsky-Rabas","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kolominsky-Rabas PL, Weber M, Gefeller O, Neundoerfer B, Heuschmann PU. Epidemiology of ischemic stroke subtypes according to TOAST criteria: incidence, recurrence, and long-term survival in ischemic stroke subtypes: a population-based study. Stroke. 2001;32(12):2735\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/hs1201.100209.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"2299_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s40271-018-0337-1","volume":"12","author":"A Aber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aber A, Howard A, Woods HB, Jones G, Michaels J. Impact of Carotid Artery Stenosis on Quality of Life: A Systematic Review. Patient. 2019;12(2):213\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40271-018-0337-1.","journal-title":"Patient"},{"issue":"10","key":"2299_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2021.07.016","volume":"31","author":"JY Shin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shin JY, Lim JS. Muscle mass and grip strength in relation to carotid intima-media thickness and plaque score in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(10):2935\u201344. Epub 2021 Jul 24.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"2299_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.05.021","volume":"305","author":"DH Seo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seo DH, Lee YH, Suh YJ, Ahn SH, Hong S, Choi YJ, Huh BW, Park SW, Lee E, Kim SH. Low muscle mass is associated with carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2020;305:19\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.05.021. Epub 2020 Jun 16.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"2","key":"2299_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0355","volume":"47","author":"Y Cho","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cho Y, Park HS, Huh BW, Lee YH, Seo SH, Seo DH, Ahn SH, Hong S, Kim SH. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with Sarcopenia and Carotid Plaque Progression Risk in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(2):232\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4093\/dmj.2021.0355. Epub 2023 Jan 19.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05012-2","volume":"24","author":"B Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo B, Liu X, Si Q, Zhang D, Li M, Li X, Zhao Y, Hu F, Zhang M, Liu Y, Hu D. Associations of CBC-derived inflammatory indicators with sarcopenia and mortality in adults: evidence from Nhanes 1999 \u223c 2006. BMC Geriatr. 2024;24(1):432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12877-024-05012-2.","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"key":"2299_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101185","volume":"64","author":"CSL Tuttle","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tuttle CSL, Thang LAN, Maier AB. Markers of inflammation and their association with muscle strength and mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev. 2020;64:101185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101185. Epub 2020 Sep 26.","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"2299_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"glae284","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glae284","volume":"80","author":"Y Zou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zou Y, Ye H, Xu Z, Yang Q, Zhu J, Li T, Cheng Y, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Bo Y, Wang P, Obesity. Sarcopenia, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Hypertension: Mediating Role of Inflammation and Insulin Resistance. J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci. 2025;80(3):glae284. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gerona\/glae284.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"issue":"15","key":"2299_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152359","volume":"11","author":"GE Jimenez-Gutierrez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jimenez-Gutierrez GE, Mart\u00ednez-G\u00f3mez LE, Mart\u00ednez-Armenta C, Pineda C, Mart\u00ednez-Nava GA, Lopez-Reyes A. Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation in Sarcopenia: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Update. Cells. 2022;11(15):2359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells11152359.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"2","key":"2299_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.4250\/jcu.2016.24.2.115","volume":"24","author":"BJ Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim BJ, Cho SH, Cho KI, Kim HS, Heo JH, Cha TJ. The combined impact of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and type 2 diabetic mellitus on significant coronary artery disease and carotid artery atherosclerosis. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2016;24(2):115\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4250\/jcu.2016.24.2.115. Epub 2016 Jun 22.","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Ultrasound"},{"key":"2299_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6894623","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6894623","volume":"2021","author":"X Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li X, Li J, Wu G. Relationship of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio with Carotid Plaque Vulnerability and Occurrence of Vulnerable Carotid Plaque in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:6894623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2021\/6894623.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"2299_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000425","volume":"44","author":"D Staub","year":"2015","unstructured":"Staub D. Atherosclerotic plaque neovascularization and inflammation - is there a link? Vasa. 2015;44(3):163\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000425.","journal-title":"Vasa"},{"issue":"8","key":"2299_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197221144934","volume":"74","author":"S Kelesoglu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kelesoglu S, Yilmaz Y, Elcik D, Bireciklioglu F, Ozdemir F, Balc\u0131 F, Tuncay A, Kalay N. Increased Serum Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index is Independently Associated With Severity of Carotid Artery Stenosis. Angiology. 2023;74(8):790\u20137. Epub 2022 Dec 7.","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"key":"2299_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hermus L, Lefrandt JD, Tio RA, Breek JC, Zeebregts CJ. Carotid plaque formation and serum biomarkers. Atherosclerosis. 2010;213(1):21\u2009\u2013\u20099. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.013. Epub 2010 May 19. Erratum in: Atherosclerosis. 2011;216(1):249.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.013"},{"issue":"13","key":"2299_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvab303","volume":"117","author":"P Libby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Libby P. Inflammation during the life cycle of the atherosclerotic plaque. Cardiovasc Res. 2021;117(13):2525\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cvr\/cvab303.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res"},{"key":"2299_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100100","volume":"1","author":"GK Hansson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hansson GK, Robertson AK, S\u00f6derberg-Naucl\u00e9r C. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2006;1:297\u2013329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.pathol.1.110304.100100.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pathol"},{"key":"2299_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2018.01.006","volume":"39","author":"H Goikuria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goikuria H, Vandenbroeck K, Alloza I. Inflammation in human carotid atheroma plaques. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2018;39:62\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2018.01.006. Epub 2018 Jan 31.","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"issue":"35","key":"2299_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10816","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i35.10816","volume":"9","author":"Y Yu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yu Y, Cui WH, Cheng C, Lu Y, Zhang Q, Han RQ. Association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and major postoperative complications after carotid endarterectomy: A retrospective cohort study. World J Clin Cases. 2021;9(35):10816\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v9.i35.10816.","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.10.022","volume":"28","author":"T Corriere","year":"2018","unstructured":"Corriere T, Di Marca S, Cataudella E, Pulvirenti A, Alaimo S, Stancanelli B, Malatino L. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio is a strong predictor of atherosclerotic carotid plaques in older adults. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2018;28(1):23\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.10.022. Epub 2017 Nov 5.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/agm2.12294","volume":"7","author":"L Guo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo L, Xiao X. Guideline for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus in the Elderly in China (2024 Edition). Aging Med (Milton). 2024;7(1):5\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/agm2.12294.","journal-title":"Aging Med (Milton)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2299_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0075","volume":"107","author":"AN Kollias","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kollias AN, Ulbig MW. Diabetic retinopathy: Early diagnosis and effective treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2010;107(5):75\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3238\/arztebl.2010.0075. quiz 84.","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"4S","key":"2299_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","volume":"105","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int. 2024;105(4S):S117\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn112138-20211027-00751","volume":"61","author":"Chinese Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Treatment of Clinical Guidelines Writing Group; Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Branch of Chinese Geriatric Society; Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Branch of Chinese Geriatric Health Care Society; Geriatric Professional Committee of Beijing Medical Award Foundation; National Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (PLA General Hospital)","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chinese Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Prevention and Treatment of Clinical Guidelines Writing Group; Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Branch of Chinese Geriatric Society; Geriatric Endocrinology and Metabolism Branch of Chinese Geriatric Health Care Society; Geriatric Professional Committee of Beijing Medical Award Foundation; National Clinical Medical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases (PLA General Hospital). [Clinical guidelines for prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the elderly in China (2022 edition)]. Zhonghua nei ke za zhi. 2022;61(1):12\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn112138-20211027-00751. Chinese.","journal-title":"Zhonghua nei ke za zhi"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2351225","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.51225","volume":"7","author":"J Fu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fu J, Deng Y, Ma Y, Man S, Yang X, Yu C, Lv J, Wang B, Li L. National and Provincial-Level Prevalence and Risk Factors of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Chinese Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(1):e2351225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.51225.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"2299_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","volume":"21","author":"LK Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, Jang HC, Kang L, Kim M, Kim S, Kojima T, Kuzuya M, Lee JSW, Lee SY, Lee WJ, Lee Y, Liang CK, Lim JY, Lim WS, Peng LN, Sugimoto K, Tanaka T, Won CW, Yamada M, Zhang T, Akishita M, Arai H, Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. 2019 Consensus Update on Sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(3):300\u20137.","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"2299_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Luo H, He L, Zhang G, Yu J, Chen Y, Yin H, Goyal H, Zhang GM, Xiao Y, Gu C, Yin M, Jiang X, Song X, Zhang L. Normal reference intervals of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio, and systemic immune inflammation index in healthy adults: a large multi-center study from western China. Clin Lab. 2019;65(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2018.180715.","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2018.180715"},{"key":"2299_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zhao WY, Zhang Y, Hou LS, Xia X, Ge ML, Liu XL, Yue JR, Dong BR. The association between systemic inflammatory markers and sarcopenia: results from the West China Health and Aging Trend Study (WCHAT). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2021;92:104262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104262. Epub 2020 Sep 23.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104262"},{"key":"2299_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.11.006","volume":"96","author":"G Bano","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bano G, Trevisan C, Carraro S, Solmi M, Luchini C, Stubbs B, Manzato E, Sergi G, Veronese N. Inflammation and sarcopenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2017;96:10\u20135. Epub 2016 Nov 13.","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1186\/s13018-024-04808-7","volume":"19","author":"S Xie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xie S, Wu Q. Association between the systemic immune-inflammation index and sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orthop Surg Res. 2024;19(1):314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13018-024-04808-7.","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"2299_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376544","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1376544","volume":"15","author":"QY Zeng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zeng QY, Qin Y, Shi Y, Mu XY, Huang SJ, Yang YH, Liu SM, An ZM, Li SQ. Systemic immune-inflammation index and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in sarcopenia: a study from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999\u20132018. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1376544. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1376544.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2299_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-022-01062-4","volume":"46","author":"X Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang X, Zhang T, Wu C, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Xu R. The association between inflammatory biomarkers and carotid artery plaque in normal-weight and metabolically healthy Chinese adults: a cross-sectional study. Hypertens Res. 2023;46(2):330\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41440-022-01062-4. Epub 2022 Oct 12.","journal-title":"Hypertens Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR34","first-page":"45","volume":"28","author":"A Pereira-Neves","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pereira-Neves A, Frag\u00e3o-Marques M, Rocha-Neves J, Gamas L, Oliveira-Pinto J, Cerqueira A, Andrade J, Fernando-Teixeira J, The impact of neutrophil-tolymphocyte ratio and plateletto- lymphocyte ratio in carotid artery disease. Port J Card Thorac Vasc Surg. 2021;28(1):45\u201351.","journal-title":"Port J Card Thorac Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1177\/00033197221129723","volume":"75","author":"R Feng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Feng R, Dai Y, Du S, Liang W, Chen H, Chen C, He T, Tao T, Hu Z, Guo P, Ye W. Leukocyte and Platelet Related Inflammatory Indicators and Risk of Carotid and Femoral Plaques: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study in Southeast China. Angiology. 2024;75(1):79\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00033197221129723. Epub 2022 Sep 29.","journal-title":"Angiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2299_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103787","volume":"35","author":"W Nai","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nai W, Lei L, Zhang Q, Yan S, Xu J, Lin L, Luo W, Chen S, Liu X, Gao Y, Cao S, Xiu J. Systemic inflammation response index and carotid atherosclerosis incidence in the Chinese population: A retrospective cohort study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2025;35(3):103787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2024.103787. Epub 2024 Nov 18.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03826-1","volume":"25","author":"L Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang L, Wang J, Ji J, Xiang F, Zhang L, Jiang X, Fang Y, Ding X, Jiang W. Associations between inflammatory markers and carotid plaques in CKD: mediating effects of eGFR-a cross-sectional study. BMC Nephrol. 2024;25(1):374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-024-03826-1.","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2299_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.06.003","volume":"40","author":"MF Xia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xia MF, Chen LY, Wu L, Ma H, Li XM, Li Q, Aleteng Q, Hu Y, He WY, Gao J, Lin HD, Gao X. Sarcopenia, sarcopenic overweight\/obesity and risk of cardiovascular disease and cardiac arrhythmia: A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(2):571\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.06.003. Epub 2020 Jun 13.","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2299_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Sayer AA, Sarcopenia. Lancet. 2019;393(10191):2636\u20132646. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31171417\/. Epub 2019 Jun 3. Erratum in: Lancet. 2019;393(10191):2590. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31258129\/.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31138-9"},{"issue":"23","key":"2299_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15039","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232315039","volume":"23","author":"E Antu\u00f1a","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antu\u00f1a E, Cach\u00e1n-Vega C, Bermejo-Millo JC, Potes Y, Caballero B, Vega-Naredo I, Coto-Montes A, Garcia-Gonzalez C. Inflammaging: Implications in Sarcopenia. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(23):15039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms232315039.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2299_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avsg.2022.02.023","volume":"85","author":"K Shimonaga","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shimonaga K, Matsushige T, Takahashi H, Hashimoto Y, Yoshiyama M, Kaneko M, Sakamoto S. Association of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps with Plaque Instability in Patient with Carotid Artery Stenosis. Ann Vasc Surg. 2022;85:284\u201391. Epub 2022 Mar 9.","journal-title":"Ann Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"2299_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0590-4","volume":"25","author":"DM Fernandez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fernandez DM, Rahman AH, Fernandez NF, Chudnovskiy A, Amir ED, Amadori L, Khan NS, Wong CK, Shamailova R, Hill CA, Wang Z, Remark R, Li JR, Pina C, Faries C, Awad AJ, Moss N, Bjorkegren JLM, Kim-Schulze S, Gnjatic S, Ma\u2019ayan A, Mocco J, Faries P, Merad M, Giannarelli C. Single-cell immune landscape of human atherosclerotic plaques. Nat Med. 2019;25(10):1576\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0590-4. Epub 2019 Oct 7.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"2299_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2016.1241427","volume":"49","author":"F Del Porto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Del Porto F, Cifani N, Proietta M, Perrotta S, Dito R, di Gioia C, Carletti R, Rizzo L, Orgera G, Rossi M, Ferri L, Tritapepe L, Taurino M. Regulatory T CD4\u2009+\u2009CD25+ lymphocytes increase in symptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Ann Med. 2017;49(4):283\u201390. Epub 2016 Dec 8.","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2299_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9060223","volume":"9","author":"K Suzuki","year":"2019","unstructured":"Suzuki K. Chronic Inflammation as an Immunological Abnormality and Effectiveness of Exercise. Biomolecules. 2019;9(6):223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom9060223.","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"2299_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111823","volume":"164","author":"X Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang X, Li H, He M, Wang J, Wu Y, Li Y. Immune system and sarcopenia: Presented relationship and future perspective. Exp Gerontol. 2022;164:111823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111823. Epub 2022 Apr 30.","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2299_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16338-8","volume":"23","author":"L Shi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shi L, Zhang L, Zhang D, Chen Z. Association between systemic immune-inflammation index and low muscle mass in US adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):1416. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-023-16338-8.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"2299_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1762825","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2026.1762825","volume":"15","author":"Y Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li Y, et al. Unraveling the metabolic pathways between atherosclerosis and sarcopenia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2026;15:1762825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2026.1762825.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2299_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S158513","volume":"13","author":"I Liguori","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liguori I, Russo G, Curcio F, Bulli G, Aran L, Della-Morte D, Gargiulo G, Testa G, Cacciatore F, Bonaduce D, Abete P. Oxidative stress, aging, and diseases. Clin Interv Aging. 2018;13:757\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/CIA.S158513.","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"2299_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maritim AC, Sanders RA, Watkins JB 3. Diabetes, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: a review. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2003;17(1):24\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbt.10058.","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.10058"},{"issue":"4","key":"2299_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00047.2003","volume":"84","author":"R Stocker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Stocker R, Keaney JF Jr. Role of oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis. Physiol Rev. 2004;84(4):1381\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00047.2003.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2299_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S186600","volume":"12","author":"J Mesinovic","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mesinovic J, Zengin A, De Courten B, Ebeling PR, Scott D. Sarcopenia and type 2 diabetes mellitus: a bidirectional relationship. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019;12:1057\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S186600.","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes"},{"issue":"10","key":"2299_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.10.1933","volume":"38","author":"RD Perrone","year":"1992","unstructured":"Perrone RD, Madias NE, Levey AS. Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old concepts. Clin Chem. 1992;38(10):1933\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/38.10.1933.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"2299_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107","volume":"80","author":"M Wyss","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wyss M, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Creatine and creatinine metabolism. Physiol Rev. 2000;80(3):1107\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.2000.80.3.1107.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"2299_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2026.102993","volume":"101","author":"JW Shin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Shin JW, Sull JW, Minh NT, Jee SH. Sex-specific associations of creatinine and antioxidant biomarkers with lung cancer risk by drinking and smoking behavior: A prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol. 2026;101:102993. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canep.2026.102993. Epub 2026 Jan 22.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2299_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14050584","volume":"14","author":"JW Shin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shin JW, Nguyen TM, Jee SH. Association Between Creatinine and Lung Cancer Risk in Men Smokers: A Comparative Analysis with Antioxidant Biomarkers from the KCPS-II Cohort. Antioxid (Basel). 2025;14(5):584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox14050584.","journal-title":"Antioxid (Basel)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2299_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13567","volume":"15","author":"WH Hsu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hsu WH, Wang SY, Chao YM, Chang KV, Han DS, Lin YL. Novel metabolic and lipidomic biomarkers of sarcopenia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2024;15(5):2175\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.13567. Epub 2024 Aug 21.","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"issue":"6","key":"2299_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.02.005","volume":"32","author":"JY Shin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shin JY. Low serum creatinine to cystatin C ratio is independently associated with sarcopenia and high carotid plaque score in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(6):1454\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.02.005. Epub 2022 Feb 11.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"20","key":"2299_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064071","volume":"147","author":"AA Damluji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Damluji AA, Alfaraidhy M, AlHajri N, Rohant NN, Kumar M, Al Malouf C, Bahrainy S, Ji Kwak M, Batchelor WB, Forman DE, Rich MW, Kirkpatrick J, Krishnaswami A, Alexander KP, Gerstenblith G, Cawthon P, deFilippi CR, Goyal P. Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases. Circulation. 2023;147(20):1534\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.064071. Epub 2023 May 15.","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"8","key":"2299_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-023-02438-3","volume":"35","author":"C Beaudart","year":"2023","unstructured":"Beaudart C, Reginster JY, Amuthavalli Thiyagarajan J, Bautmans I, Bauer J, Burlet N, Cesari M, Cherubini A, Cooper C, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Fielding RA, Harvey NC, Landi F, Laslop A, Maggi S, Montero-Errasquin B, Concepci\u00f3n PYM, Rolland Y, Rizzoli R, Visser M, Bruy\u00e8re O. Measuring health-related quality of life in sarcopenia: summary of the SarQoL psychometric properties. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023;35(8):1581\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40520-023-02438-3. Epub 2023 May 23.","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02299-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02299-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02299-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T17:16:56Z","timestamp":1785518216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02299-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02299-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 April 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. All patients gave written informed consent for participation in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All authors support the submission to this journal.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"177"}}