{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:46:14Z","timestamp":1785527174571,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":67,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Endocr Disord"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02317-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]],"date-time":"2026-05-23T14:15:04Z","timestamp":1779545704000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relationship between vitamin D status, glycaemia and nephropathy in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Amina Titilayo","family":"Lawal-Bello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9659-2658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Olubukunmi","family":"Soyoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary Temidayo","family":"Ikem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodeji Nelson","family":"Fasanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babatope Ayodeji","family":"Kolawole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2317_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.9.1414","volume":"21","author":"H King","year":"1998","unstructured":"King H, Aubert R, Herman W. Care Global burden of diabetes, 1995\u20132025: Prevalence, numerical estimates and projection. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:1414\u201321.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2317_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.32.2.S64","volume":"32","author":"CE Mogensen","year":"1983","unstructured":"Mogensen CE, Christensen CK, Vittinghus E. The stages in diabetic renal disease: With emphasis on the stage of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes. 1983;32:64\u201378.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2317_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael B, Lloyd PA, Mark EC, Aaron IV, Richard WN, Boulton AJ. Complications of diabetes mellitus. In: Melmed S, Kenneth S, Larsen PR, Kronenberg MH, editors. Williams Textbook of Endocrinology. 12th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2011. p. 1462\u20131551.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4377-0324-5.00033-X"},{"key":"2317_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez JA, Ashraf A. Role of vitamin D in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity for glucose homeostasis. Int J Endocrinol. 2010;351\u201385.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/351385"},{"key":"2317_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(02)00692-0","volume":"30","author":"AC Looker","year":"2002","unstructured":"Looker AC, Dawson-Hughes B, Calvo MS, Gunter EW, Sayhoun NR. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status of adolescents and adults in two seasonal subpopulations from NHANES III. Bone. 2002;30:771\u20137.","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"2317_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacLaughlin J, Holick MF. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest. 1985;76(4):1536\u20138.","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI112134"},{"issue":"12","key":"2317_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1988.01670120018003","volume":"124","author":"LY Matsuoka","year":"1988","unstructured":"Matsuoka LY, Wortsman J, Hanifan N, Holick MF. Chronic sunscreen use decreases circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. A preliminary study. Arch Dermatol. 1988;124(12):1802\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2317_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/01.med.0000244221.53163.cc","volume":"13","author":"MF Holick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency in obesity and health consequences. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2006;13(5):412\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes"},{"key":"2317_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz VA, Carek PJ, Wessell MA, Charles J, Everett CJ. The association of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency with diabetic nephropathy: implications for health disparities. J Am Board Fam Med. 2009;22(5):521\u20137.","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2009.05.080231"},{"key":"2317_CR10","unstructured":"Anyanwu AC. Vitamin D status and glycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects in Lagos, Nigeria. Part II dissertation. Lagos (Nigeria): National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria (NPMCN); 2013."},{"key":"2317_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61032-X","volume":"376","author":"D de Zeeuw","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Zeeuw D, Agarwal R, Amdahl M, Audhya P, Coyne D, et al. Selective vitamin D receptor activation with paricalcitol for reduction of albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes (VITAL study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:1543\u201351.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2317_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.5.820","volume":"79","author":"KC Chiu","year":"2004","unstructured":"Chiu KC, Chu A, Go VL, Saad MF. Hypovitaminosis D is associated with insulin resistance and \u03b2-cell dysfunction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79:820\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2317_CR13","unstructured":"Ile-Ife. The Official website of the State of Osun. 2013. Available from: http:\/\/osun.gov.ng\/about\/major-towns\/ile-ife\/.\u00a0Accessed 23 Jan 2015."},{"key":"2317_CR14","volume-title":"Survey Sampling","author":"L Kish","year":"1965","unstructured":"Kish L. Survey Sampling. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.; 1965."},{"issue":"1","key":"2317_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01440-0","volume":"23","author":"L Zhang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang L, Guo Q, Xu Y, Wei W, Wang Y. Association between serum 25- hydroxyvitamin D and albuminuiria in middle-aged and older Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. BMC Endocr disorders. 2023;23(1):189.","journal-title":"BMC Endocr disorders"},{"key":"2317_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","volume":"96","author":"MF Holick","year":"2011","unstructured":"Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Gordon CM, Hanley DA. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911\u201330.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2317_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519209088782","volume":"52","author":"L Aksnes","year":"1992","unstructured":"Aksnes L. A simplified high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of vitamin D3, 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 and 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in humanserum. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1992;52(3):177\u201382.","journal-title":"Scand J Clin Lab Invest"},{"key":"2317_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.472","volume":"72","author":"R Goswami","year":"2000","unstructured":"Goswami R, Gupta N, Goswami D, Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Kochupillai N. Prevalence and significance of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in healthy subjects in Delhi. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;72:472\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2317_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Daghri NM, Al-Attas OS, Al-Okail MS, Alkharfy KM, Al-Yousef MA, Nadhrah HM, et al. Severe hypovitaminosis D is widespread and more common in non-diabetics than diabetics in Saudi adults. Saudi Med J. 2010;31(7):775\u201380.","DOI":"10.15537\/1658-3175.5074"},{"key":"2317_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-004-1658-6","volume":"16","author":"N Meddeb","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meddeb N, Sahli H, Chahed M, Abdelmoula J, Feki M, Salah H, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in Tunisia. Osteoporos Int. 2005;16:180\u20133.","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"2317_CR21","first-page":"485","volume":"102","author":"RH Glew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Glew RH, Crossey MJ, Polanams J, Okolie HI, Vander Jagt DJ. Vitamin D status of semi nomadic Fulani men and women. J Natl Med Assoc. 2010;102(6):485\u201390.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"2317_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reginster JY. The high prevalence of inadequate serum vitamin D levels and implications for bone health. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(4):579\u201386.","DOI":"10.1185\/030079905X41435"},{"key":"2317_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kositsawat J, Gerber BS, Freeman VL, Geraci S. Association of A1C levels with vitamin D status in U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(6):1236\u20138.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2150"},{"key":"2317_CR24","first-page":"841","volume":"53","author":"G Schwalfenberg","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schwalfenberg G. Not enough vitamin D, Health consequences for Canadians. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53:841\u201354.","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"2317_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.3.362","volume":"79","author":"MF Holick","year":"2004","unstructured":"Holick MF. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;79(3):362\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"2317_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2009.03777.x","volume":"73","author":"E Wehr","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wehr E, Pilz S, Boehm BO, M\u00e4rz W, Obermayer-Pietsch B. Association of vitamin D status with serum androgen levels in men. Clin Endocrinol. 2010;73(2):243\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Endocrinol"},{"key":"2317_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","volume":"357","author":"MF Holick","year":"2007","unstructured":"Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266\u201381.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2317_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.2310\/JIM.0b013e31821b8755","volume":"59","author":"C Aranow","year":"2011","unstructured":"Aranow C. Vitamin D and the immune system. J Investig Med. 2011;59(6):881\u20136.","journal-title":"J Investig Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2317_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"16","author":"SN Adebamowo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adebamowo SN, Spiegelman D, Berkey CS, Danby FW, Rockett HH, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Milk consumption and acne in adolescent girls. Dermatol Online J. 2010;16(2):1.","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"2317_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018813501189","volume":"4","author":"I Kostoglou-Athanassiou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kostoglou-Athanassiou I, Athanassiou P, Gkountouvas A, Kaldrymides P. Vitamin D and glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2. Ther Adv Endocrinol Meta. 2013;4:122\u20138.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Endocrinol Meta"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2317_CR31","first-page":"181","volume":"25","author":"BU Nwosu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nwosu BU, Stavre ZG, Maranda L, Cullen K, Lee MM. Hepatic dysfunction is associated with vitamin D deficiency and poor glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2012;25(1\u20132):181\u20136.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2317_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800410391243","volume":"13","author":"WB Grant","year":"2011","unstructured":"Grant WB, Boucher BJ. Requirements for Vitamin D across the lifespan. Biol Res Nurs. 2011;13(2):120\u201333.","journal-title":"Biol Res Nurs"},{"key":"2317_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan Chun Li. Vitamin D: roles in renal and cardiovascular protection. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2012;21(1):72\u20139.","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32834de4ee"}],"container-title":["BMC Endocrine Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02317-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02317-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02317-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T18:09:40Z","timestamp":1785521380000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02317-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2317"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12902-026-02317-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 May 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital (IRB\/IEC\/0004553).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from willing participants after counselling before enrolment in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"212"}}