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Incident T2DM was defined using electronic health record\u2013based diagnosis codes. Cox proportional hazards models estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for T2DM as a function of gender, race, ethnicity, age, body mass index (BMI per 10\u00a0kg\/m\u00b2), and household income. Sensitivity analyses incorporated cigarette smoking and multiple imputation for BMI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher BMI (HR\u2009=\u20091.76 per 10\u00a0kg\/m\u00b2; 95% CI: 1.69\u20131.83), older age (HR\u2009=\u20091.03 per year; 95% CI: 1.027\u20131.032), male gender (HR\u2009=\u20091.38; 95% CI: 1.27\u20131.49), Black race (HR\u2009=\u20091.79; 95% CI: 1.64\u20131.95), and non-Hispanic ethnicity (HR\u2009=\u20091.37; 95% CI: 1.10\u20131.71) were independently associated with greater T2DM risk, while higher household income was protective (HR\u2009=\u20090.47 for &gt;$150k vs. &lt;$35k; 95% CI: 0.39\u20130.58), demonstrating a clear socioeconomic gradient. Associations were robust to smoking adjustment and multiple imputation, and were directionally consistent with patterns reported in prior general-population studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traditional demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical risk factors were associated with incident T2DM among adults with depression, supporting attention to established diabetes risk factors in psychiatric and endocrine prevention settings. Aggressive implementation of weight management, risk stratification, and early screening\u2014particularly among socioeconomically disadvantaged patients\u2014may reduce the burden of T2DM in psychiatric populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical trial number<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Not applicable.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-026-02342-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:25:07Z","timestamp":1781018707000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Established risk factors for type 2 diabetes in adults with depression: implications for endocrine practice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Jordan","family":"Zuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael L.","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Murray B.","family":"Stein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro D.","family":"Meruelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"2342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1414","volume":"34","author":"A Nouwen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nouwen A, Nefs G, Caramlau I, Connock M, Winkley K, Lloyd CE, et al. 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All research procedures adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and were carried out within the secure All of Us Researcher Workbench. The All of Us Research Program operates under the oversight of NIH All of Us Institutional Review Board (IRB), which reviewed and approved all data collection and access procedures. This study was determined to be exempt (IRB # 814348) from additional IRB review due to the use of de-identified data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This manuscript does not contain any individual-level or identifiable personal data. All data used were de-identified and obtained from the All of Us Research Program under approved access protocols. Therefore, specific consent for publication is not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Over the past three years, M.B.S. has received consulting fees from Aptinyx, atai Life Sciences, BigHealth, Biogen, Bionomics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Delix Therapeutics, EmpowerPharm, Engrail Therapeutics, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Karuna Therapeutics, NeuroTrauma Sciences, Otsuka US, PureTech Health, Sage Therapeutics, and Roche\/Genentech. He holds stock options in Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals and EpiVario. He has also received compensation for editorial roles, serving as Editor-in-Chief of Depression and Anxiety, Deputy Editor of Biological Psychiatry, and Co-Editor-in-Chief of Psychiatry at UpToDate, and serves on the scientific advisory boards of the Brain and Behavior Research Foundation and the Anxiety and Depression Association of America. J. Z., M. L. T., and A. D. M. declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"237"}}