{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:44:21Z","timestamp":1793108661331,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0490-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,1]],"date-time":"2018-03-01T23:11:22Z","timestamp":1519945882000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Reasons for reported suspicion of child maltreatment and responses from the child welfare - a cross-sectional study of Norwegian public dental health personnel"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Ingfrid Vaksdal","family":"Brattab\u00f8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ragnhild","family":"Bj\u00f8rknes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Nordrehaug","family":"\u00c5str\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"490_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001349","volume":"9","author":"RE Norman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Norman RE, Byambaa M, De R, Butchart A, Scott J, Vos T. The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):1\u201331.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9657","key":"490_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61706-7","volume":"373","author":"R Gilbert","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gilbert R, Widom CS, Browne K, Fergusson D, Webb E, Janson S. Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):68\u201381.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"490_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559511418799","volume":"16","author":"J Currie","year":"2011","unstructured":"Currie J, Widom CS. Child maltreatment 2010 best article award: long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect on adult economic well-being. Child maltreatment. 2011;16(3):233.","journal-title":"Child maltreatment"},{"issue":"1","key":"490_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2353","volume":"24","author":"M Stoltenborgh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stoltenborgh M, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Alink LRA, van Ijzendoorn MH. The prevalence of child maltreatment across the globe: review of a series of meta-analyses. Child Abuse Rev. 2015;24(1):37\u201350.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"490_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-012-0549-y","volume":"48","author":"M Stoltenborgh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stoltenborgh M, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ijzendoorn MH. The neglect of child neglect: a meta-analytic review of the prevalence of neglect. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2013;48(3):345\u201355.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"490_CR6","unstructured":"Creighton SJ. Recognizing changes in incidence and prevalence. In: Browne KD, Hanks H, Stratton P, Hamilton C, editors. Early prediction and prevention of child abuse: A handbook. Chichester: Wiley; 2002. p. 5\u201322."},{"issue":"10","key":"490_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.07.004","volume":"37","author":"S Euser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Euser S, Alink LRA, Pannebakker F, Vogels T, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Van Ijzendoorn MH. The prevalence of child maltreatment in the Netherlands across a 5-year period. Child Abuse Negl. 2013;37(10):841\u201351.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"490_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1077559507310613","volume":"13","author":"B Mathews","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mathews B, Kenny MC. Mandatory reporting legislation in the United States, Canada, and Australia: a cross-jurisdictional review of key features, differences, and issues. Child maltreatment. 2008;13(1):50\u201363.","journal-title":"Child maltreatment"},{"key":"490_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mathews B. Mandatory reporting laws: Their origin, nature, and development over time. In: Mandatory reporting laws and the identification of severe child abuse and neglect. edn. Heidelberg: Springer; 2015. p. 3\u201325. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-017-9685-9\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-9685-9"},{"key":"490_CR10","volume-title":"World perspectives on child abuse","author":"D Daro","year":"2006","unstructured":"Daro D. World perspectives on child abuse. 7th ed. Chicago: International Society for Prevention of Child Abuse and Neglect; 2006.","edition":"7"},{"key":"490_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.04.009","volume":"56","author":"B Mathews","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mathews B, Lee XJ, Norman RE. Impact of a new mandatory reporting law on reporting and identification of child sexual abuse: a seven year time trend analysis. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;56:62\u201379.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"1","key":"490_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2009.08.011","volume":"34","author":"M Al Eissa","year":"2010","unstructured":"Al Eissa M, Almuneef M. Child abuse and neglect in Saudi Arabia: journey of recognition to implementation of national prevention strategies. Child Abuse Negl. 2010;34(1):28\u201333.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"key":"490_CR13","unstructured":"The Health Personnel Act, [\n                    https:\/\/lovdata.no\/dokument\/NL\/lov\/1999-07-02-64?q=helsepersonell%20loven\n                    \n                   Accessed: 02.12.2016]."},{"key":"490_CR14","unstructured":"The Public Dental Health Service Act, [\n                    https:\/\/lovdata.no\/dokument\/NL\/lov\/1983-06-03-54\n                    \n                   Accessed: 02.12.2016]."},{"issue":"8","key":"490_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2016.1230228","volume":"74","author":"IV Brattab\u00f8","year":"2016","unstructured":"Brattab\u00f8 IV, Iversen AC, \u00c5str\u00f8m AN, Bj\u00f8rknes R. Experience with suspecting child maltreatment in the Norwegian public dental health services, a national survey. Acta Odontol Scand. 2016;74(8):626\u201332.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"4","key":"490_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1080\/13691457.2013.829802","volume":"17","author":"T P\u00f6s\u00f6","year":"2014","unstructured":"P\u00f6s\u00f6 T, Skivenes M, Hestb\u00e6k A-D. Child protection systems within the Danish, Finnish and Norwegian welfare states\u2014time for a child centric approach? Eur J Soc Work. 2014;17(4):475\u201390.","journal-title":"Eur J Soc Work"},{"key":"490_CR17","unstructured":"The Child Welfare Act, [\n                    https:\/\/www.regjeringen.no\/en\/dokumenter\/the-child-welfare-act\/id448398\/\n                    \n                   Accessed: 01.12.2016]."},{"key":"490_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2016.02.004","volume":"54","author":"M Mogaddam","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mogaddam M, Kamal I, Merdad L, Alamoudi N. Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of dentists regarding child physical abuse in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Child Abuse Negl. 2016;54:43\u201356.","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl"},{"issue":"5","key":"490_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2010.01070.x","volume":"20","author":"B Uldum","year":"2010","unstructured":"Uldum B, Christensen HN, Welbury R, Poulsen S. Danish dentists' and dental hygienists' knowledge of and experience with suspicion of child abuse or neglect. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2010;20(5):361\u20135.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"8","key":"490_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2009.307","volume":"206","author":"JC Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris JC, Elcock C, Sidebotham PD, Welbury RR. Safeguarding children in dentistry: 1. Child protection training, experience and practice of dental professionals with an interest in paediatric dentistry. Br Dent J. 2009;206(8):409\u201314.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"4","key":"490_CR21","first-page":"185","volume":"10","author":"PP Montecchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Montecchi PP, Di Trani M, Sarzi Amade D, Bufacchi C, Montecchi F, Polimeni A. The dentist's role in recognizing childhood abuses: study on the dental health of children victims of abuse and witnesses to violence. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2009;10(4):185\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"E24","key":"490_CR22","first-page":"1","volume":"214","author":"CM Harris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harris CM, Welbury R, Cairns AM. The Scottish dental practitioner's role in managing child abuse and neglect. Br Dent J. 2013;214(E24):1\u20135.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"3","key":"490_CR23","first-page":"20","volume":"60","author":"A Newcity","year":"2011","unstructured":"Newcity A, Ziniel S, Needleman H. Recognizing and reporting child maltreatment: a survey of Massachusetts dentists. J Mass Dent Soc. 2011;60(3):20.","journal-title":"J Mass Dent Soc"},{"issue":"8","key":"490_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4812809","volume":"199","author":"AM Cairns","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cairns AM, Mok JY, Welbury RR. The dental practitioner and child protection in Scotland. Br Dent J. 2005;199(8):517\u201320.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"5","key":"490_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1111\/eos.12143","volume":"122","author":"T Kvist","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kvist T, Wickstrom A, Miglis I, Dahllof G. The dilemma of reporting suspicions of child maltreatment in pediatric dentistry. Eur J Oral Sci. 2014;122(5):332\u20138.","journal-title":"Eur J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"490_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2012.01225.x","volume":"23","author":"A Laud","year":"2013","unstructured":"Laud A, Gizani S, Maragkou S, Welbury R, Papagiannoulis L. Child protection training, experience, and personal views of dentists in the prefecture of Attica, Greece. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2013;23(1):64\u201371.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"490_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2015.08.002","volume":"6","author":"H Kaur","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kaur H, Chaudhary S, Choudhary N, Manuja N, Chaitra T, Amit SA. Child abuse: cross-sectional survey of general dentists. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2016;6(2):118\u201323.","journal-title":"J Oral Biol Craniofac Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"490_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0141-4","volume":"15","author":"BAFM van Dam","year":"2015","unstructured":"van Dam BAFM, van der Sanden WJM, Bruers JJM. Recognizing and reporting domestic violence: attitudes, experiences and behavior of Dutch dentists. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(1):159.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"490_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Uldum B, Christensen HN, Welbury R, Haubek D. How Danish dentists and dental hygienists handle their role in child abuse and neglect matters. Acta Odontol Scand. 2017;75(5):332\u2013337. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016357.2017.1307448\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2017.1307448"},{"key":"490_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kvist T, Cocozza M, Annerb\u00e4ck EM, Dahll\u00f6f G. Child maltreatment\u2013prevalence and characteristics of mandatory reports from dental professionals to the social services. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2017;27(1):3\u201310. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ipd.12230\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12230"},{"key":"490_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Park CM, Welbury R. Current and Historical Involvement of the Dentistry in Child Protection and a Glimpse of the Future. Oral Dis. 2016;22(7):605\u2013608. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.12485\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12485"},{"issue":"6","key":"490_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/cyn030","volume":"23","author":"AFG Goebbels","year":"2008","unstructured":"Goebbels AFG, Nicholson JM, Walsh K, De Vries H. Teachers' reporting of suspected child abuse and neglect: behaviour and determinants. Health Educ Res. 2008;23(6):941\u201351.","journal-title":"Health Educ Res"},{"key":"490_CR33","unstructured":"Walsh KM, Farrell AM, Schweitzer R, Bridgstock RS. Critical factors in teachers' detecting and reporting child abuse and neglect: Implications for practice. Final report prepared for the Abused Child Trust. Queensland: Queensland University of Technology; 2005."},{"issue":"4","key":"490_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2004.08.007","volume":"15","author":"CV Ananth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ananth CV, Platt RW, Savitz DA. Regression models for clustered binary responses: implications of ignoring the Intracluster correlation in an analysis of perinatal mortality in twin gestations. Ann Epidemiol. 2005;15(4):293\u2013301.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"490_CR35","unstructured":"Statistics Norway [\n                    www.ssb.no\/en\/statistikkbanken\n                    \n                   Accessed: 02.12.2016]."},{"issue":"1","key":"490_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0917-2394(08)70118-6","volume":"18","author":"U Hallberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hallberg U, Camling E, Zickert I, Robertson A, Berggren U. Dental appointment no-shows: why do some parents fail to take their children to the dentist? Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18(1):27\u201334.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"490_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.2015.556","volume":"219","author":"D Simons","year":"2015","unstructured":"Simons D, Pearson N, Dittu A. Why are vulnerable children not brought to their dentalappointments? Br Dent J. 2015;219(2):61\u20135.","journal-title":"Br Dent J"},{"issue":"2","key":"490_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1744987112438158","volume":"17","author":"C Powell","year":"2012","unstructured":"Powell C, Appleton JV. Children and young people's missed health care appointments: reconceptualising 'Did not Attend' to 'Was not Brought' - a review of the evidence for practice. J Res Nurs. 2012;17(2):181\u201392.","journal-title":"J Res Nurs"},{"issue":"3","key":"490_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.10.010","volume":"42","author":"SK Bhatia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bhatia SK, Maguire SA, Chadwick BL, Hunter ML, Harris JC, Tempest V, Mann MK, Kemp AM. Characteristics of child dental neglect: a systematic review. J Dent. 2014;42(3):229\u201339.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"490_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2010.09.007","volume":"25","author":"G Humphris","year":"2011","unstructured":"Humphris G, King K. The prevalence of dental anxiety across previous distressing experiences. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(2):232\u20136.","journal-title":"J Anxiety Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"490_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12137","volume":"43","author":"MA Bright","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bright MA, Alford SM, Hinojosa MS, Knapp C, Fernandez-Baca DE. Adverse childhood experiences and dental health in children and adolescents. Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2015;43(3):193\u20139.","journal-title":"Commun Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"490_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034514557546","volume":"94","author":"F Schwendicke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwendicke F, D\u00f6rfer C, Schlattmann P, Page LF, Thomson W, Paris S. Socioeconomic inequality and caries a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Res. 2015;94(1):10\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"490_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Duda JG, Biss SP, Bertoli FMdP, Bruzamolin CD, Pizzatto E, Souza JF, Losso EM, Oral health status in victims of child abuse: a case\u2013control study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2017;27(3):210\u2013216. \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ipd.12254\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12254"},{"key":"490_CR44","unstructured":"Children under the care of the child welfare service. The Norwegian Directorate for Children, Youth and Family Affairs [\n                    https:\/\/www.bufdir.no\/en\/English_start_page\/Children_under_the_care_of_the_child_welfare_services\/\n                    \n                   Accessed: 02.12.2016]."},{"key":"490_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besharov DJ. Overreporting and underreporting of child abuse and neglect are twin problems. In: Loseke DR, Gelles RJ, Cavanaugh MM, editors. Current controversies on family violence edn. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 2005. p. 285\u2013298.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483328584.n18"},{"key":"490_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkelhor D. The main problem is underreporting child abuse and neglect. In: Loseke DR, Gelles RJ, Cavanaugh MM, editors. Current controversies on family violence. edn. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 2005. p. 299\u2013310.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483328584.n19"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-018-0490-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T19:19:30Z","timestamp":1551467970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-018-0490-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["490"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-018-0490-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 July 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 February 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 March 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The Regional ethics committee concluded that this study did not need an approval from the REK. The Ombudsman, Norwegian Social Science Data Services (NSD), approved and registered the survey. NSD was responsible for the questionnaire distribution and the data collection.All participants received an email explaining the purpose of the study and informing them that all participation in this study was voluntary. The email included a link to the electronic questionnaire, which contained an informed consent form.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"29"}}