{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T07:25:20Z","timestamp":1767597920347},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Microbial culture-based investigations of inflamed tonsil tissues have previously indicated enrichment of several microorganisms such as <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>. These taxa were also largely reflected in DNA sequencing studies performed using tissue material. In comparison, less is known about the response of the overall oral cavity microbiota to acute tonsillitis despite their role in human health and evidence showing that their compositions are correlated with diseases such as oral cancers. In addition, the influence of subject-specific circumstances including consumption of prescription antibiotics and smoking habits on the microbiology of acute tonsillitis is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We collected oral rinse samples from 43 individuals admitted into hospital for acute tonsillitis and 165 non-disease volunteers recruited from the public, and compared their microbial community compositions using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We assessed the impact of tonsillitis, whether subjects were prescribed antibiotics, the presence of oral abscesses and their smoking habits on community composition, and identified specific microbial taxa associated with tonsillitis and smoking.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Oral rinse community composition was primarily associated with disease state (tonsillitis vs non-tonsillitis) although its effect was subtle, followed by smoking habit. Multiple <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> taxa were enriched in tonsillitis subjects compared to the non-tonsillitis cohort, whereas the non-tonsillitis cohort primarily showed associations with several <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> sequence variants. The presence of oral abscesses did not significantly influence community composition. Antibiotics were prescribed to a subset of individuals in the tonsillitis cohort but we did not observe differences in community composition associated with antibiotics consumption. In both tonsillitis and non-tonsillitis cohorts, smoking habit was associated with enrichment of several <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic> variants.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These findings show that the oral cavity microbial community is altered during acute tonsillitis, with a consistent enrichment of <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic> during tonsillitis raising the possibility of targeted interventions. It also supports the possible link between smoking, <jats:italic>Fusobacteria<\/jats:italic> and oral cancers.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0956-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T17:17:04Z","timestamp":1575566224000},"update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The human oral cavity microbiota composition during acute tonsillitis: a cross-sectional survey"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yun Kit","family":"Yeoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Man Hin","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zigui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eddy W. H.","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Po Yee","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi Man","family":"Ngai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul K. S.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mamie","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"956_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.096651.109","volume":"19","author":"J Peterson","year":"2009","unstructured":"The NIH HMP Working Group, Peterson J, Garges S, Giovanni M, McInnes P, Wang L, Schloss JA, Bonazzi V, McEwen JE, Wetterstrand KA, et al. The NIH human microbiome project. Genome Res. 2009;19(12):2317\u201323.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"956_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"baq013","DOI":"10.1093\/database\/baq013","volume":"2010","author":"T Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen T, Yu W-H, Izard J, Baranova OV, Lakshmanan A, Dewhirst FE. The Human Oral Microbiome Database: a web accessible resource for investigating oral microbe taxonomic and genomic information. Database. 2010;2010:baq013.","journal-title":"Database"},{"issue":"19","key":"956_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","volume":"192","author":"FE Dewhirst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner ACR, Yu W-H, Lakshmanan A, Wade WG. The human Oral microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2010;192(19):5002\u201317.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E791","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522149113","volume":"113","author":"JLM Welch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Welch JLM, Rossetti BJ, Rieken CW, Dewhirst FE, Borisy GG. Biogeography of a human oral microbiome at the micron scale. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016;113(6):E791\u2013800.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-090817-062503","volume":"73","author":"Jessica L. Mark Welch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Welch JLM, Dewhirst FE, Borisy GG. Biogeography of the Oral microbiome: the site-specialist hypothesis. Annu Rev Microbiol. 2019;73. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-micro-090817-062503.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Microbiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034513487559","volume":"92","author":"YW Han","year":"2013","unstructured":"Han YW, Wang X. Mobile microbiome: Oral Bacteria in extra-oral infections and inflammation. J Dent Res. 2013;92(6):485\u201391.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2012.11.006","volume":"69","author":"WG Wade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wade WG. The oral microbiome in health and disease. Pharmacol Res. 2013;69(1):137\u201343.","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"956_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1177\/000348948109000313","volume":"90","author":"I Brook","year":"1981","unstructured":"Brook I, Yocum P, Friedman EM. Aerobic and anaerobic Bacteria in tonsils of children with recurrent tonsillitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1981;90(3):261\u20133.","journal-title":"Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2004.08.007","volume":"69","author":"I Brook","year":"2005","unstructured":"Brook I. The role of anaerobic bacteria in tonsillitis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2005;69(1):9\u201319.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/20.6.1512","volume":"20","author":"CE Nord","year":"1995","unstructured":"Nord CE. The role of anaerobic Bacteria in recurrent episodes of sinusitis and tonsillitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1995;20(6):1512\u201324.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-38049-6","volume":"9","author":"J Rosenbaum","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rosenbaum J, Usyk M, Chen Z, Zolnik CP, Jones HE, Waldron L, Dowd JB, Thorpe LE, Burk RD. Evaluation of Oral cavity DNA extraction methods on bacterial and fungal microbiota. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):1531.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"956_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e56418","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056418","volume":"8","author":"A Jensen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jensen A, Fag\u00f6-Olsen H, S\u00f8rensen CH, Kilian M. Molecular mapping to species level of the Tonsillar crypt microbiota associated with health and recurrent tonsillitis. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56418.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"956_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00267","volume":"8","author":"Y Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim Y, Fukuma N, Totsika M, Kenny L, Morrison M, Punyadeera C. The performance of an Oral microbiome biomarker panel in predicting Oral cavity and Oropharyngeal cancers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:267.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8523","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07885-3","volume":"7","author":"Y Lim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lim Y, Totsika M, Morrison M, Punyadeera C. The saliva microbiome profiles are minimally affected by collection method or DNA extraction protocols. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):8523.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"956_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00205","volume":"9","author":"L Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang L, Yin G, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Zhao M, Lai Y, Sui P, Shi T, Guo W, Huang Z. Variations in Oral microbiota composition are associated with a risk of throat Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:205.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"956_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6172","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.6172","volume":"7","author":"YK Yeoh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yeoh YK, Chen Z, Hui M, Wong MCS, Ho WCS, Chin ML, Ng SC, Chan FKL, Chan PKS. Impact of inter- and intra-individual variation, sample storage and sampling fraction on human stool microbial community profiles. PeerJ. 2019;7:e6172.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"8","key":"956_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","volume":"37","author":"E Bolyen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bolyen E, Rideout JR, Dillon MR, Bokulich NA, Abnet CC, Al-Ghalith GA, et al. Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2. Nat Biotechnol. 2019;37(8):852\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"D1","key":"956_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, Peplies J, Gl\u00f6ckner FO. The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013;41(D1):D590\u20136.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"956_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160169","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160169","volume":"11","author":"K-A L\u00ea Cao","year":"2016","unstructured":"L\u00ea Cao K-A, Costello M-E, Lakis VA, Bartolo F, Chua X-Y, Brazeilles R, Rondeau P. MixMC: a multivariate statistical framework to gain insight into microbial communities. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160169.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","volume":"12","author":"N Segata","year":"2011","unstructured":"Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, Gevers D, Miropolsky L, Garrett WS, Huttenhower C. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011;12(6):R60.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"12","key":"956_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52078","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052078","volume":"7","author":"PS La Rosa","year":"2012","unstructured":"La Rosa PS, Brooks JP, Deych E, Boone EL, Edwards DJ, Wang Q, Sodergren E, Weinstock G, Shannon WD. Hypothesis testing and power calculations for taxonomic-based human microbiome data. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52078.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/23.1.51","volume":"23","author":"A Rajasuo","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rajasuo A, Jousimies-Somer H, Savolainen S, Lepp\u00e4nen J, Murtomaa H, Meurman JH. Bacteriologic findings in tonsillitis and Pericoronitis. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;23(1):51\u201360.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"956_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00216","volume":"9","author":"A Lundmark","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lundmark A, Hu Y, Huss M, Johannsen G, Andersson AF, Yucel-Lindberg T. Identification of salivary microbiota and its association with host inflammatory mediators in periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2019;9:216.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086708","volume":"9","author":"K Schwarzberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schwarzberg K, Le R, Bharti B, Lindsay S, Casaburi G, Salvatore F, Saber MH, Alonaizan F, Slots J, Gottlieb RA, et al. The personal human Oral microbiome obscures the effects of treatment on periodontal disease. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e86708.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"956_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037919","volume":"7","author":"B Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu B, Faller LL, Klitgord N, Mazumdar V, Ghodsi M, Sommer DD, Gibbons TR, Treangen TJ, Chang YC, Li S, et al. Deep sequencing of the Oral microbiome reveals signatures of periodontal disease. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e37919.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"956_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2005.00214.x","volume":"20","author":"BPFA Gomes","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gomes BPFA, Jacinto RC, Pinheiro ET, Sousa ELR, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Souza-Filho FJ. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens in endodontic lesions detected by culture and by PCR. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005;20(4):211\u20135.","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"956_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-302x.2000.150205.x","volume":"15","author":"N Takahashi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Takahashi N, Yamada T. Pathways for amino acid metabolism by Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2000;15(2):96\u2013102.","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0902-0055.2001.00089.x","volume":"17","author":"N Takahashi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Takahashi N, Sato T. Dipeptide utilization by the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2002;17(1):50\u20134.","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-017-1690-0","volume":"18","author":"JL Golob","year":"2017","unstructured":"Golob JL, Margolis E, Hoffman NG, Fredricks DN. Evaluating the accuracy of amplicon-based microbiome computational pipelines on simulated human gut microbial communities. BMC Bioinformatics. 2017;18(1):283.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"5","key":"956_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"giy054","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giy054","volume":"7","author":"A Almeida","year":"2018","unstructured":"Almeida A, Mitchell AL, Tarkowska A, Finn RD. Benchmarking taxonomic assignments based on 16S rRNA gene profiling of the microbiota from commonly sampled environments. Gigascience. 2018;7(5):giy054.","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"key":"956_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0042-2018","volume-title":"Gram-Positive Pathogens, Third Edition","author":"Jacqueline Abranches","year":"2019","unstructured":"Abranches J, Zeng L, Kajfasz JK, Palmer SR, Chakraborty B, Wen ZT, Richards VP, Brady LJ, Lemos JA. Biology of Oral Streptococci. Microbiol Spectr. 2018;6(5):GPP3-0042-2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0042-2018"},{"issue":"2","key":"956_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1976.tb02833.x","volume":"21","author":"G Colman","year":"1976","unstructured":"Colman G, Beighton D, Chalk AJ, Wake S. Cigarette smoking and the microbial flora of the mouth. Aust Dent J. 1976;21(2):111\u20138.","journal-title":"Aust Dent J"},{"issue":"12","key":"956_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15216","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0015216","volume":"5","author":"ES Charlson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Charlson ES, Chen J, Custers-Allen R, Bittinger K, Li H, Sinha R, Hwang J, Bushman FD, Collman RG. Disordered microbial communities in the upper respiratory tract of cigarette smokers. PLoS One. 2010;5(12):e15216.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"956_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201210-1913OC","volume":"187","author":"A Morris","year":"2013","unstructured":"Morris A, Beck JM, Schloss PD, Campbell TB, Crothers K, Curtis JL, Flores SC, Fontenot AP, Ghedin E, Huang L, et al. Comparison of the respiratory microbiome in healthy nonsmokers and smokers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(10):1067\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"956_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2016.37","volume":"10","author":"J Wu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wu J, Peters BA, Dominianni C, Zhang Y, Pei Z, Yang L, Ma Y, Purdue MP, Jacobs EJ, Gapstur SM, et al. Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults. ISME J. 2016;10:2435\u201346.","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"1","key":"956_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17686","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-17795-z","volume":"7","author":"D B\u00f6rnigen","year":"2017","unstructured":"B\u00f6rnigen D, Ren B, Pickard R, Li J, Ozer E, Hartmann EM, Xiao W, Tickle T, Rider J, Gevers D, et al. Alterations in oral bacterial communities are associated with risk factors for oral and oropharyngeal cancer. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):17686.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"956_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.03.005","volume":"34","author":"F Beghini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Beghini F, Renson A, Zolnik CP, Geistlinger L, Usyk M, Moody TU, Thorpe L, Dowd JB, Burk R, Nicola S, et al. Tobacco exposure associated with oral microbiota oxygen utilization in the New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Study. Ann Epidemiol. 2019;34:18\u201325.e3.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"956_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00862","volume":"9","author":"CY Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang CY, Yeh YM, Yu HY, Chin CY, Hsu CW, Liu H, Huang PJ, Hu SN, Liao CT, Chang KP, et al. Oral microbiota community dynamics associated with Oral squamous cell carcinoma staging. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:862.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"956_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02391","volume":"8","author":"A Amer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amer A, Galvin S, Healy CM, Moran GP. The microbiome of potentially malignant Oral leukoplakia exhibits enrichment for Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Campylobacter, and Rothia species. Front Microbiol. 2017;8:2391.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"956_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.21140","volume":"31","author":"SJ Hooper","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hooper SJ, Wilson MJ, Crean SJ. Exploring the link between microorganisms and oral cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Head Neck. 2009;31(9):1228\u201339.","journal-title":"Head Neck"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-019-0956-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-019-0956-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-019-0956-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,4]],"date-time":"2020-12-04T00:28:27Z","timestamp":1607041707000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-019-0956-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["956"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-019-0956-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 August 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 November 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 December 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study has been approved by the Kowloon West Cluster Research Ethics Committee (reference number KW\/EX-16-155[103\u201308]). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to collecting oral rinse samples.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"275"}}