{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T01:54:04Z","timestamp":1788227644791,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A functional appliance is commonly used to optimize the development of the facial skeleton in the treatment of Class II malocclusion. Recent three-dimensional(3D) image-based analysis offers numerous advantages in quantitative measurement and visualization in orthodontics. The aim of this study was to localize in 3D the skeletal effect produced by the Herbst appliance on the mandible using the geometric morphometric technique.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Twenty patients treated with a Herbst appliance and subsequent fixed appliances were included. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images were taken before treatment (T1), 8\u2009weeks after Herbst appliance removal (T2), and after subsequent fixed appliance treatment (T3). Spatially dense morphometric techniques were used to establish the corresponding points of the mandible. The mandibular morphological changes from T1-T2, T2-T3, and T1-T3 were calculated for each patient by superimposing two mandibular models at two time points with robust Procrustes superimposition. These changes were then compared to the morphological changes estimated from normative mandibular growth curves over the same period. The proportion of cases exceeding the growth expression for controls was compared to a normal population using a one tailed binomial test.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Approximately 1.5\u20132\u2009mm greater condylar changes and 0.5\u2009mm greater changes in the chin occurred from Tl to T2. This effect lasted until the completion of treatment (T1-T3), but there was no obvious skeletal effect during the orthodontic phase (T2-T3). Approximately 40\u201350% of the patient sample exceeded condylar growth by &gt;\u20091.5\u2009mm compared to untreated controls (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u2009.05). However, changes at the chin were not statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The principal skeletal effect of Herbst appliance treatment was additional increase in condylar length for about half of the sample. This inconsistency may relate to the degree of mandibular growth suppression associated with a specific malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01108-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T16:04:36Z","timestamp":1587053076000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["3D assessment of mandibular skeletal effects produced by the Herbst appliance"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilbur Eugene","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianmin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Claes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Clement","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicky","family":"Kilpatrick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Penington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1108_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S1073-8746(97)80056-4","volume":"3","author":"H Pancherz","year":"1997","unstructured":"Pancherz H. 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The study was ethically approved by the Institution, the procedures were in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki and all the subjects signed a consent form. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant\u2019s guardian\/s for inclusion in the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Written informed consent to publish individual person\u2019s data (images) were obtained.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"117"}}