{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:49:45Z","timestamp":1790884185762,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594339200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review of randomized clinical trials aimed to evaluate the available evidence regarding the efficacy of propolis-based mouthwash on dental plaque and gingival inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were searched up to November 2019. Clinical trials that evaluated the efficacy of propolis mouthwashes compared with chlorhexidine (CHX) were included. The primary outcomes comprised dental plaque and\/or gingival inflammation. Two authors assessed the risk of bias using the Cochrane tool. Due to marked heterogeneity of the available data, studies were assessed qualitatively, and no metaanalysis was performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nine clinical trials, comprising 333 subjects, fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Most of the included studies showed high risk of bias. Overall, propolis mouthwashes showed good efficacy on plaque and gingivitis in all of the included studies. Out of the eight studies that reported on plaque index, 5 studies found equal efficacy of propolis and CHX in reducing plaque, two studies found superior efficacy in favor of CHX, while one study found superior efficacy in favor of propolis. Six studies assessed gingival inflammation outcome, four of which reported better results with propolis, while two studies reported comparable results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results suggest that propolis-based mouthwashes have potential benefits in reducing plaque and gingival inflammation. However, methodological limitations along with small sample sizes in some of the included studies weaken the strength of the evidence. Therefore, further well-designed clinical trials with large sample sizes and adequate follow-up period are recommended to discern the efficacy of propolis mouthwash on plaque and gingivitis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01185-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]],"date-time":"2020-07-10T04:04:00Z","timestamp":1594353840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Efficacy of propolis-based mouthwashes on dental plaque and gingival inflammation: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Esam","family":"Halboub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadeq A.","family":"Al-Maweri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Wesabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahlam","family":"Al-Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anas","family":"Shamala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amani","family":"Al-Sharani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradeep","family":"Koppolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1185_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16s","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0408","volume":"137 Suppl","author":"ML Barnett","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barnett ML. The rationale for the daily use of an antimicrobial mouthrinse. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137 Suppl:16s\u201321s.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"1185_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034519830686","volume":"98","author":"APV Colombo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Colombo APV, Tanner ACR. The role of bacterial biofilms in dental caries and periodontal and Peri-implant diseases: a historical perspective. J Dent Res. 2019;98(4):373\u201385.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 20","key":"1185_CR3","first-page":"S17","volume":"45","author":"S Murakami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Murakami S, Mealey BL, Mariotti A, Chapple ILC. Dental plaque-induced gingival conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S17\u2013s27.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"1185_CR4","first-page":"Cd008676","volume":"3","author":"P James","year":"2017","unstructured":"James P, Worthington HV, Parnell C, Harding M, Lamont T, Cheung A, Whelton H, Riley P. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse as an adjunctive treatment for gingival health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;3:Cd008676.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"4","key":"1185_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0803600404","volume":"36","author":"KS Lim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Lim KS, Kam PC. Chlorhexidine--pharmacology and clinical applications. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2008;36(4):502\u201312.","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"1185_CR6","first-page":"10","volume":"87","author":"D Osso","year":"2013","unstructured":"Osso D, Kanani N. Antiseptic mouth rinses: an update on comparative effectiveness, risks and recommendations. J Dent Hyg. 2013;87(1):10\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1185_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12393","volume":"18","author":"SA Al-Maweri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Maweri SA, Nassani MZ, Alaizari N, Kalakonda B, Al-Shamiri HM, Alhajj MN, Al-Soneidar WA, Alahmary AW. Efficacy of aloe vera mouthwash versus chlorhexidine on plaque and gingivitis: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg. 2020;18(1):44\u201351.","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"11","key":"1185_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1997.tb01191.x","volume":"24","author":"M Murray","year":"1997","unstructured":"Murray M, Worthington H, Blinkhorn A. A study to investigate the effect of a propolis-containing mouthrinse on the inhibition of de novo plaque formation. J Clin Periodontol. 1997;24(11):796\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"1185_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.10.019","volume":"154","author":"KC Chinsembu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chinsembu KC. Plants and other natural products used in the management of oral infections and improvement of oral health. Acta Trop. 2016;154:6\u201318.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1185_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3627463","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3627463","volume":"2016","author":"AE Akca","year":"2016","unstructured":"Akca AE, Akca G, Topcu FT, Macit E, Pikdoken L, Ozgen IS. The comparative evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Propolis with Chlorhexidine against Oral pathogens: an in vitro study. Biomed Res Int. 2016;2016:3627463.","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"1185_CR11","volume":"11","author":"M Dehghani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dehghani M, Abtahi M, Hasanzadeh N, Farahzad Z, Noori M, Noori M. Effect of Propolis mouthwash on plaque and gingival indices over fixed orthodontic patients. J Clin Exp Dent. 2019;11(3):e244.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"1185_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7040073","volume":"7","author":"P Governa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Governa P, Cusi MG, Borgonetti V, Sforcin JM, Terrosi C, Baini G, Miraldi E, Biagi M. Beyond the Biological Effect of a Chemically Characterized Poplar Propolis: Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity and Comparison with Flurbiprofen in Cytokines Release by LPS-Stimulated Human Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines. 2019;7(4):73.","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"3","key":"1185_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1700598","volume":"13","author":"C Carvalho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carvalho C, Fernandes WHC, Mouttinho TBF, Souza DM, Marcucci MC, D'Alpino PHP. Evidence-based studies and perspectives of the use of Brazilian green and red Propolis in dentistry. Eur J Dent. 2019;13(3):459\u201365.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"1185_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-124X.84379","volume":"15","author":"V Dodwad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dodwad V, Kukreja BJ. Propolis mouthwash: a new beginning. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2011;15(2):121.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Periodontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1185_CR15","first-page":"531","volume":"13","author":"R Vanni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Vanni R, Waldner-Tomic NM, Belibasakis GN, Attin T, Schmidlin PR, Thurnheer T. Antibacterial efficacy of a Propolis toothpaste and Mouthrinse against a Supragingival multispecies biofilm. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2015;13(6):531\u20135.","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"1185_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/jnr.0000000000000054","volume":"22","author":"YJ Hwu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hwu YJ, Lin FY. Effectiveness of propolis on oral health: a meta-analysis. J Nurs Res. 2014;22(4):221\u20139.","journal-title":"J Nurs Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1185_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.14295\/bds.2014.v17i1.947","volume":"17","author":"C Anauate-Netto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anauate-Netto C, Anido-Anido A, LEEGOY HR, Matsumoto R, Alonso RCB, Marcucci MC, Paulino N, Bretz WA. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial on the effects of propolis and chlorhexidine mouthrinses on gingivitis. Braz Dent Sci. 2014;17(1):11.","journal-title":"Braz Dent Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1185_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2017.1344664","volume":"32","author":"KB Santiago","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santiago KB, Piana GM, Conti BJ, Cardoso EO, Murbach Teles Andrade BF, Zanutto MR, Mores Rall VL, Fernandes A Jr, Sforcin JM. Microbiological control and antibacterial action of a propolis-containing mouthwash and control of dental plaque in humans. Nat Prod Res. 2018;32(12):1441\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Prod Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1185_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.33899\/rden.2003.165735","volume":"1","author":"BA Abdullah","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abdullah BA, Rafi\u2019A AT, Fa\u2019iz A. Comparative antiplaque activity of propolis extract and chlorhexidine in vivo. Al-Rafidain Dent J. 2003;1(1):7\u201312.","journal-title":"Al-Rafidain Dent J"},{"issue":"533","key":"1185_CR20","first-page":"2161","volume":"9","author":"K Krishna","year":"2019","unstructured":"Krishna K, Manjunath S, Shivanagendra S, Devendra Kumar S, Soma Shekar S. Health from the hive: 5% Propolis mouth wash as an adjunct in the treatment of chronic generalized gingivitis-a randomized controlled clinical trial. Dentistry. 2019;9(533):2161\u20131122.1000533.","journal-title":"Dentistry"},{"issue":"8","key":"1185_CR21","first-page":"2581","volume":"2","author":"A Savita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Savita A, Devi P, Varghese A, Prerana G. Evaluation of Clinical Efficacy of Propolis in Patients with Gingivitis: A Randomized Clinical Crossover Study. Acta Sci Dent Sci. 2018;2(8):2581\u20134893.","journal-title":"Acta Sci Dent Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1185_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3126\/jnspoi.v2i1.23603","volume":"2","author":"S Porwal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Porwal S, Mathur A, Shetty N, Manohar B, Makhijani B, Mundra R. Comparative evaluation of the effect of Chlorhexidine Gluconate, raw Propolis and hydrogen peroxide on dental plaque and gingival inflammation. J Nepalese Soc Periodontol Oral Implantol. 2018;2(1):14\u20139.","journal-title":"J Nepalese Soc Periodontol Oral Implantol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1185_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","volume":"151","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1185_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","volume":"343","author":"JP Higgins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins JP, Altman DG, G\u00f8tzsche PC, J\u00fcni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, Savovi\u0107 J, Schulz KF, Weeks L, Sterne JA. The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Bmj. 2011;343:d5928.","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"issue":"2","key":"1185_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.2019.19.02.004","volume":"19","author":"MT Al-Hariri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Hariri MT, Eldin TG, Hashim T, Chathoth S, Alswied A. Propolis modulates inflammatory mediators and improves histopathology in male rats with L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2019;19(2):e103\u20137.","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"1185_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2006.0110","volume":"137","author":"JC Gunsolley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gunsolley JC. A meta-analysis of six-month studies of antiplaque and antigingivitis agents. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006;137(12):1649\u201357.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01185-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01185-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01185-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,2]],"date-time":"2022-11-02T01:58:24Z","timestamp":1667354304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01185-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01185-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 March 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The first and second authors are currently associate editors of BMC oral health. Apart from that, the authors declare that there are no competing interests in this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"198"}}