{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T06:51:56Z","timestamp":1788504716568,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The etiology of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) can be explained on the basis of a biopsychosocial model. However, psychosocial assessment is challenging in daily dental practice. The purpose of the current study was to field-test the practicability of a novel psychosocial assessment scoring form regarding the reliability of scoring procedures and the opinion of examiners. The working hypotheses were that the scoring results of inexperienced undergraduate students were similar to the results collected by a gold standard and that the scoring form was easy to use.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A psychosocial assessment scoring form was developed in accordance with guidelines of the Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC\/TMD), including results of the Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS), Patient Health Questionnaires (PHQ), and Generalized Anxiety Disorders (GAD). Inexperienced operators (undergraduate students) examined patients with TMD-associated complaints and rated the practicability of the scoring form. The scoring results were recalculated by two experienced operators and a consensus was defined as a gold standard. Reliability coefficients were determined comparing results of the gold standard and the inexperienced operators.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Sixty-five examiners used the scoring form to obtain results for patients with TMD-associated complaints. Of the patients, 78.8% received a diagnosis according to DC\/TMD decision trees. Two-thirds of the operators (62.9%) stated that the form was easy to complete, and 83.0% would use it in their dental practice. The reliability coefficients ranged between 0.81\u20131.00.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Within the limitations of the present study, the psychosocial assessment scoring form seems to be an easy-to-use and practicable tool. The vast majority of the inexperienced examiners recommended the application.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01248-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T05:09:07Z","timestamp":1601528947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Field-testing a psychosocial assessment scoring form for TMD patients - summarizing axis II instruments"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"G\u00fcnther","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Schierz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Hahnel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3881-0549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelika","family":"Rauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1248_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411970080030401","volume":"8","author":"L LeResche","year":"1997","unstructured":"LeResche L. Epidemiology of temporomandibular disorders: implications for the investigation of etiologic factors. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 1997;8:291\u2013305.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"1248_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.06.009","volume":"14","author":"RB Fillingim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fillingim RB, Ohrbach R, Greenspan JD, Knott C, Diatchenko L, Dubner R, et al. Psychological factors associated with development of TMD: the OPPERA prospective cohort study. J Pain. 2013;14:T75\u201390.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1248_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1472","volume":"24","author":"R Ohrbach","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ohrbach R, Slade GD, Bair E, Rathnayaka N, Diatchenko L, Greenspan JD, et al. Premorbid and concurrent predictors of TMD onset and persistence. Eur J Pain. 2020;24:145\u201358.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"1248_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.01.012","volume":"9","author":"TI Suvinen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Suvinen TI, Reade PC, Kemppainen P, Kononen M, Dworkin SF. Review of aetiological concepts of temporomandibular pain disorders: towards a biopsychosocial model for integration of physical disorder factors with psychological and psychosocial illness impact factors. Eur J Pain. 2005;9:613\u201333.","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"key":"1248_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.21815\/JDE.018.104","volume":"82","author":"B H\u00e4ggman-Henrikson","year":"2018","unstructured":"H\u00e4ggman-Henrikson B, Ekberg E, Ettlin DA, Michelotti A, Durham J, Goulet JP, et al. Mind the gap: a systematic review of implementation of screening for psychological comorbidity in dental and dental hygiene education. J Dent Educ. 2018;82:1065\u201376.","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"key":"1248_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"T102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.09.003","volume":"14","author":"E Bair","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bair E, Ohrbach R, Fillingim RB, Greenspan JD, Dubner R, Diatchenko L, et al. Multivariable modeling of phenotypic risk factors for first-onset TMD: the OPPERA prospective cohort study. J Pain. 2013;14:T102\u201315.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"1248_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12685","volume":"45","author":"CG De La Torre","year":"2018","unstructured":"De La Torre CG, C\u00e2mara-Souza MB, Mu\u00f1oz Lora VRM, Guarda-Nardini L, Conti PCR, Rodrigues Garcia RM, et al. Prevalence of psychosocial impairment in temporomandibular disorder patients: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2018;45:881\u20139.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"1248_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2018.1511057","volume":"77","author":"J Huttunen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huttunen J, Qvintus V, Suominen AL, Sipil\u00e4 K. Role of psychosocial factors on treatment outcome of temporomandibular disorders. Acta Odontol Scand. 2019;77:119\u201325.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"1248_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.01.003","volume":"38","author":"NN Giannakopoulos","year":"2010","unstructured":"Giannakopoulos NN, Keller L, Rammelsberg P, Kronm\u00fcller KT, Schmitter M. Anxiety and depression in patients with chronic temporomandibular pain and in controls. J Dent. 2010;38:369\u201376.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"1248_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2011.654241","volume":"70","author":"O Miettinen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Miettinen O, Lahti S, Sipil\u00e4 K. Psychosocial aspects of temporomandibular disorders and oral health-related quality-of-life. Acta Odontol Scand. 2012;70:331\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"key":"1248_CR11","first-page":"207","volume":"16","author":"SF Dworkin","year":"2002","unstructured":"Dworkin SF, Sherman J, Mancl L, Ohrbach R, LeResche L, Truelove E. Reliability, validity, and clinical utility of the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders Axis II scales: depression, non-specific physical symptoms, and graded chronic pain. J Orofac Pain. 2002;16:207\u201320.","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"1248_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.11607\/jop.1151","volume":"28","author":"E Schiffman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schiffman E, Ohrbach R, Truelove E, Look J, Anderson G, Goulet JP, et al. Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders (DC\/TMD) for clinical and research applications: recommendations of the international RDC\/TMD consortium network* and Orofacial pain special interest group\u2020. J Oral Facial Pain Headache. 2014;28:6\u201327.","journal-title":"J Oral Facial Pain Headache"},{"key":"1248_CR13","volume-title":"Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: scoring manual for self-report instruments","author":"R Ohrbach","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ohrbach R, Knibbe W. Diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorders: scoring manual for self-report instruments; 2018. https:\/\/buffalo.app.box.com\/s\/92q6em1r0no5uh5hqxoyu8pcjayhu63v. Accessed 08 April 2020."},{"key":"1248_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(92)90154-4","volume":"50","author":"M Von Korff","year":"1992","unstructured":"Von Korff M, Ormel J, Keefe FJ, Dworkin SF. Grading the severity of chronic pain. Pain. 1992;50:133\u201349.","journal-title":"Pain."},{"key":"1248_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606\u201313.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"1248_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-200203000-00008","volume":"64","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ-15: validity of a new measure for evaluating the severity of somatic symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2002;64:258\u201366.","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"1248_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JB, Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1248_CR18","first-page":"306","volume":"20","author":"MR Markiewicz","year":"2006","unstructured":"Markiewicz MR, Ohrbach R, McCall WD Jr. Oral behaviors checklist: reliability of performance in targeted waking-state behaviors. J Orofac Pain. 2006;20:306\u201316.","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"1248_CR19","first-page":"219","volume":"22","author":"R Ohrbach","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ohrbach R, Larsson P, List T. The jaw functional limitation scale: development, reliability, and validity of 8-item and 20-item versions. J Orofac Pain. 2008;22:219\u201330.","journal-title":"J Orofac Pain"},{"key":"1248_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"50","author":"A Toussaint","year":"2019","unstructured":"Toussaint A, Husing P, Kohlmann S, L\u00f6we B. Detecting DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder: criterion validity of the patient health Questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15) and the somatic symptom Scale-8 (SSS-8) in combination with the somatic symptom disorder - B criteria scale (SSD-12). Psychol Med. 2019;50:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1248_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(02)00237-9","volume":"78","author":"B L\u00f6we","year":"2004","unstructured":"L\u00f6we B, Spitzer RL, Grafe K, Kroenke K, Quenter A, Zipfel S, et al. Comparative validity of three screening questionnaires for DSM-IV depressive disorders and physicians\u2019 diagnoses. J Affect Disord. 2004;78:131\u201340.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1248_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","volume":"6","author":"DV Cicchetti","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cicchetti DV. Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychol Assess. 1994;6:284\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"1248_CR23","first-page":"613","volume":"50","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, L\u00f6we B. An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: the PHQ-4. Psychosomatics. 2009;50:613\u201321.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics."},{"key":"1248_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","volume":"41","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The patient health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41:1284\u201392.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"1248_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-5-200703060-00004","volume":"146","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB, Monahan PO, L\u00f6we B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:317\u201325.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1248_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.06.003","volume":"203","author":"L Manea","year":"2016","unstructured":"Manea L, Gilbody S, Hewitt C, North A, Plummer F, Richardson R, et al. Identifying depression with the PHQ-2: a diagnostic meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2016;203:382\u201395.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1248_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12871","volume":"47","author":"S Sharma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharma S, Breckons M, Bronnimann Lambelet B, Chung JW, List T, Lobbezoo F, et al. Challenges in the clinical implementation of a biopsychosocial model for assessment and management of orofacial pain. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47:87\u2013100.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"1248_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12950","volume":"47","author":"B Imhoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Imhoff B, Ahlers MO, Hugger A, Lange M, Schmitter M, Ottl P, et al. Occlusal dysesthesia-a clinical guideline. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47:651\u20138.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"key":"1248_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.12846","volume":"20","author":"SD Tagliaferri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tagliaferri SD, Miller CT, Owen PJ, Mitchell UH, Brisby H, Fitzgibbon B, et al. Domains of chronic low back pain and assessing treatment effectiveness: a clinical perspective. Pain Pract. 2020;20:211\u201325.","journal-title":"Pain Pract"},{"key":"1248_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2019-322453","volume":"91","author":"MJ Kelly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kelly MJ, Baig F, Hu MT, Okai D. Spectrum of impulse control behaviours in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2020;91:703\u201311.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1248_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487317703827","volume":"24","author":"SS Pedersen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pedersen SS, von Kanel R, Tully PJ, Denollet J. Psychosocial perspectives in cardiovascular disease. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24:108\u201315.","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01248-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01248-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01248-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:40:37Z","timestamp":1633048837000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01248-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1248"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01248-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Leipzig (134\u201311-18042011) and met the requirements of the Declaration of Helsinki. The participants gave their signed, informed consent.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors have approved the manuscript and agree with its submission.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"SH is a member of the editorial board of BMC Oral Health.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"267"}}