{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T13:16:55Z","timestamp":1773494215280,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602288000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]],"date-time":"2020-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1602288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004569","name":"Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy\u017cszego","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K\/ZDS\/003737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K\/ZDS\/003737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004569","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Conventional brackets are often used during orthodontic therapy of patients with malocclusion. The complex construction of such brackets greatly inhibits oral hygiene, which predisposes to increased carriage of microbiota. Orthodontic brackets could act as reservoir of yeast and predispose to oral candidosis. The aim of this study was to assess\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence and the role of oral hygiene during fixed appliance therapy\n                      <jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic>\n                      A further aim was to characterize the isolated yeasts according to their ability to form biofilms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Seventeen participants (average age 17\u2009\u00b1\u20097\u2009years) were monitored by taking oral rinses and elastomeric ligature samples, and by evaluating the approximal plaque index (API) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) before and after placement of the orthodontic conventional brackets for 12 weeks. Isolated yeasts were counted and biofilm formation was evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and sixteen samples (67 oral rinses and 49 orthodontic elastomers) were collected. Ten patients (58.8% subjects) were\n                      <jats:italic>Candida-<\/jats:italic>\n                      carriers (two were colonized after bracket placement) and\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      was the most common species. The average number of yeasts in the oral cavity showed some fluctuation during the study, but in general had an upward trend (adj. R2\u2009=\u20090.7967,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.07025). A correlation was found between median number of yeasts and the periodontal indices (API, GBI). The average API values decreased in the\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      -carriers (adj.\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.95;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01709), while average GBI values increased in the noncarriers (adj.\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.92;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0256).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Treatment with orthodontic appliances promotes\n                      <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                      yeast colonization, which is variable over time in terms of strain and species, with dominance of\n                      <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and without increased biofilm-forming activity. The API value decreases over time in carriers, and the GBI value increases in uncolonized patients, which may have predictive significance for the development of oral candidiasis during orthodontic treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01267-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,9]],"date-time":"2020-10-09T22:03:06Z","timestamp":1602280986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Candida prevalence and oral hygiene due to orthodontic therapy with conventional brackets"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9177-9544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinga","family":"Grzegocka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2554-9409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Krzy\u015bciak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9244-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Hille-Padalis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8759-0810","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta E.","family":"Loster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0811-9295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Talaga-\u0106wiertnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5724-5808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart\u0142omiej W.","family":"Loster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1267_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lucchese A, Bondemark L, Marcolina M, Manuelli M. 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This study was approved by the Bioethics Committee of Jagiellonian University, Krak\u00f3w, Poland (No. KBET\/121\/B\/2012, 24th March 2012), and the study took place from October 2013 to December 2014. Before beginning work, we orally explained our study objectives and procedures to all participants, and obtained their permission to use their specimens in our study. Meanwhile, a written informed consent form was signed by each participant aged 16\u2009years and over. Written informed consent was also obtained from the parents or guardians of participants under 16\u2009years old.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"277"}}