{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:26:58Z","timestamp":1789471618424,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To find out whether misuse of dental hygiene, in terms of certain dental habits, may facilitate the spread of COVID-19 among cohabiting individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>302 COVID-19 infected (PCR\u2009+) subjects cohabiting with someone else at home were selected for an observational cross-sectional study. An anonymous online questionnaire was developed using Google forms to avoid person-to-person contact. The structured questionnaire consisted of questions covering several areas: sociodemographic data, cross transmission to another person living together, oral hygiene habits during confinement, care and disinfection control behaviours in the dental environment like sharing toothbrush, sharing toothbrush container, sharing toothpaste, placing brush vertically, placing cap with hole for brush, disinfecting brush with bleach, closing toilet lid before flushing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tongue brushing was more used in the group where there was no transmission of the disease to other members (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Significant differences were found for shared toothbrush use (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), although shared use was a minority in this group (4. 7%), significant differences were also found for the use of the same container (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), shared use of toothpaste (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), toothbrush disinfection with bleach (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), brush change after PCR\u2009+\u2009(p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The women performed significantly more disinfection with toothbrush bleach (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.01), closing the toilet lid (p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and changing the brush after PCR\u2009+\u2009(p\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of inappropriate measures in the dental environment could contribute to the indirect transmission of COVID-19 between cohabitants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01274-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T05:03:05Z","timestamp":1603083785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Oral hygiene habits and possible transmission of COVID-19 among cohabitants"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Olmo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9155-0822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bendici\u00f3n","family":"Delgado-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Ruiz-Guill\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mart\u00edn","family":"Romero-Maroto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Carrillo-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"1274_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100672","volume":"35","author":"JM Abduljalil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abduljalil JM, Abduljalil BM. Epidemiology, genome, and clinical features of the pandemic SARS-CoV-2: a recent view. New Microbes New Infect. 2020;35:100672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2020.100672.","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"1274_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00058-12","volume":"77","author":"JA Belser","year":"2013","unstructured":"Belser JA, Rota PA, Tumpey TM. Ocular tropism of respiratory viruses. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2013;77:144\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/MMBR.00058-12.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"},{"key":"1274_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa149","author":"KK-W To","year":"2020","unstructured":"To KK-W, Tsang OT-Y, Chik-Yan Yip C, Chan K-H, Wu T-C, Chan JMC, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciaa149.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"1274_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa029","volume":"153","author":"J Guarner","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guarner J. Three emerging coronaviruses in two decades. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020;153:420\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajcp\/aqaa029.","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"1274_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4025","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02292-10","volume":"85","author":"L Liu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liu L, Wei Q, Alvarez X, Wang H, Du Y, Zhu H, et al. Epithelial cells lining salivary gland ducts are early target cells of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the upper respiratory tracts of rhesus macaques. J Virol. 2011;85:4025\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.02292-10.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"1274_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-0075-9","volume":"12","author":"X Peng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12:9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41368-020-0075-9.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"1274_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","volume":"395","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, Qu J, Gong F, Han Y, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395:507\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1274_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.031113","volume":"10","author":"WK Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang WK, Chen SY, Liu IJ, Chen YC, Chen HL, Yang CF, et al. Detection of SARS-associated coronavirus in throat wash and saliva in early diagnosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1213\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1007.031113.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1274_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1017\/S1479050504001334","volume":"1","author":"RL Sammons","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sammons RL, Kaur D, Neal P. Bacterial survival and biofilm formation on conventional and antibacterial toothbrushes. Biofilms. 2004;1:123\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S1479050504001334.","journal-title":"Biofilms"},{"key":"1274_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2011.00503.x","volume":"9","author":"D Spolidorio","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spolidorio D, Tardivo T, dos Reis DJ, Neppelenbroek K, Duque C, Spolidorio L, et al. Evaluation of two alternative methods for disinfection of toothbrushes and tongue scrapers. Int J Dent Hyg. 2011;9:279\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2011.00503.x.","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"1274_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E001","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2020.0001","volume":"55","author":"ZY Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li ZY, Meng LY. The prevention and control of a new coronavirus infection in department of stomatology. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2020;55:E001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2020.0001.","journal-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"1274_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04901.x","volume":"110","author":"A Medrano-F\u00e9lix","year":"2011","unstructured":"Medrano-F\u00e9lix A, Mart\u00ednez C, Castro-Del Campo N, Le\u00f3n-F\u00e9lix J, Peraza-Garay F, Gerba CP, et al. Impact of prescribed cleaning and disinfectant use on microbial contamination in the home. J Appl Microbiol. 2011;110:463\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2010.04901.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"1274_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2166\/washdev.2015.119","volume":"5","author":"V Keshav","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keshav V, Kruger CA, Mathee A, Naicker N, Swart A, Barnard TGE. coli from dishcloths as an indicator of hygienic status in households. J Water Sanit Hyg Dev. 2015;5:351\u20138.","journal-title":"J Water Sanit Hyg Dev"},{"key":"1274_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.04.011","author":"JY Maillard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maillard JY, Bloomfield SF, Courvalin P, Essack SY, Gandra S, Gerba CP, et al. Reducing antibiotic prescribing and addressing the global problem of antibiotic resistance by targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life settings: a position paper. Am J Infect Control. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2020.04.011.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"1274_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.03.026","volume":"42","author":"M Verani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Verani M, Bigazzi R, Carducci A. Viral contamination of aerosol and surfaces through toilet use in health care and other settings. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42:758\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajic.2014.03.026.","journal-title":"Am J Infect Control"},{"key":"1274_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02610.x","volume":"99","author":"J Barker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Barker J, Jones MV. The potential spread of infection caused by aerosol contamination of surfaces after flushing a domestic toilet. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99:339\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02610.x.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"1274_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25742","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang S, Xue Y. Fecal specimen diagnosis 2019 novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia. J Med Virol. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.25742.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"1274_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.022","volume":"104","author":"G Kampf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect. 2020;104:246\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2020.01.022.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"key":"1274_CR19","first-page":"81","volume":"20","author":"SH Sogi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sogi SH, Subbareddy VV, Kiran SN. Contamination of toothbrush at different time intervals and effectiveness of various disinfecting solutions in reducing the contamination of toothbrush. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2002;20:81\u20135.","journal-title":"J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent"},{"key":"1274_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9","volume":"395","author":"JF Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, To KKW, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395:514\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30154-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1274_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01533-w","volume":"18","author":"D Fisher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fisher D, Heymann D. Q&A: The novel coronavirus outbreak causing COVID-19. BMC Med. 2020;18:57. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-020-01533-w.","journal-title":"BMC Med"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01274-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01274-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01274-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T20:05:16Z","timestamp":1634587516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01274-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-020-01274-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 May 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The survey and consent to participate were approved by the King Juan Carlos University Ethics and Research Committee (Registration number: 0103202006520). All participants signed the consent form before the study.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests. The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the authorship and\/or publication of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"286"}}