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Due to this, <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> have been used experimentally as probiotic. However, the interaction between these microorganisms in the peri-implantitis-like microenvironment remains unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction between <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> biofilms developed on titanium surfaces, under reduced oxygen levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Titanium specimens were pre-conditioned with artificial saliva (1\u00a0h, 37\u00a0\u00b0C). Single-species biofilms of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> (ATCC 90028) and co-culture biofilms of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> (ATCC 7073) was developed for 24 and 72\u00a0h on titanium specimens. Subsequently, the effect of these intervals of biofilm formation and the interactions among the cells were evaluated. Biofilms from cultures were collected and analyzed for cell viability (CFU\/mL), biofilm biomass, and total protein dosage. Data were analyzed using Mann\u2013Whitney test (\u03b1\u2009=\u20095%). In addition, co-culture biofilms were analyzed using fluorescence microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> growth did not change due to the presence of <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic>. Besides, co-culture biofilms showed a significant difference in the number of viable cells between 24 and 72\u00a0h of biofilm development (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The highest biofilm biomass and protein dosage were observed in co-cultures at 72\u00a0h of biofilm development. Fluorescence microscopy showed that co-cultures biofilms at 24\u00a0h have limited number of pseudo-hyphal and hyphae cells of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>. At 72\u00a0h, these types of cells have increased. <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> in both stages of development was present in some clusters surrounded by <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Co-cultivation of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> with <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> in biofilms developed on titanium surfaces, under lower oxygen levels, did not affect fungus growth. In addition, <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> did not hind <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> virulence. These findings suggest that the use of <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic> as a probiotic would be ineffective in peri-implant disease treatment.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-01334-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T07:03:23Z","timestamp":1606806203000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Interkingdom interaction between C. albicans and S. salivarius on titanium surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-5085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loyse","family":"Martorano-Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6351-1869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadiny Cezar","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3038-0908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Helo\u00edsa","family":"de Souza Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3570-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuri Wanderley","family":"Cavalcanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5997-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leopoldina de F\u00e1tima Dantas","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1334_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0669-1","volume":"18","author":"HS Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim HS, Cho HA, Kim YY, Shin H. 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