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However, whether melatonin plays regulatory roles in pulpal inflammation remains unclear. This study aimed at elucidating an in situ expression of melatonin and its receptors in human pulpal tissues, and the contribution of melatonin on the antagonism of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-infected pulpal fibroblasts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melatonin expression in pulpal tissues harvested from healthy teeth was investigated by immunohistochemical staining. Its receptors, melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) and melatonin receptor 2 (MT2), were also immunostained in pulpal tissues isolated from healthy teeth and inflamed teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis. Morphometric analysis was subsequently performed. After LPS infection of cultured pulpal fibroblasts, cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and interleukin-1 \u03b2 (IL-1 \u03b2) transcripts were examined by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Analysis of mRNA expression was performed to investigate an antagonism of LPS stimulation by melatonin via COX and IL-1 \u03b2 induction. Mann-Whitney U test and One-way ANOVA were used for statistical analysis to determine a significance level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melatonin was expressed in healthy pulpal tissue within the odontoblastic zone, cell-rich zone, and in the pulpal connective tissue. Furthermore, in health, strong MT1 and MT2 expression was distributed similarly in all 3 pulpal zones. In contrast, during disease, expression of MT2 was reduced in inflamed pulpal tissues (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value&lt;\u20090.001), but not MT1 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009=\u20090.559). Co-culturing of melatonin with LPS resulted in the reduction of COX-2 and IL-1 \u03b2 expression in primary pulpal fibroblasts, indicating that melatonin may play an antagonistic role to LPS infection in pulpal fibroblasts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human dental pulp abundantly expressed melatonin and its receptors MT1 and MT2 in the odontoblastic layers and pulpal connective tissue layers. Melatonin exerted antagonistic activity against LPS-mediated COX-2 and IL-1 \u03b2 induction in pulpal fibroblasts, suggesting its therapeutic potential for pulpal inflammation and a possible role of pulpal melatonin in an immunomodulation via functional melatonin receptors expressed in dental pulp.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-020-1055-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]],"date-time":"2020-03-29T14:02:31Z","timestamp":1585490551000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Melatonin antagonizes lipopolysaccharide-induced pulpal fibroblast responses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9365-2929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nutthapong","family":"Kantrong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyabhorn","family":"Jit-Armart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-5868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uthaiwan","family":"Arayatrakoollikit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1055_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00310.x","volume":"22","author":"O Veerayutthwilai","year":"2007","unstructured":"Veerayutthwilai O, Byers MR, Pham TT, Darveau RP, Dale BA. 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