{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T04:19:06Z","timestamp":1772165946663,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614988800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To introduce a theoretical solution to a posteriori describe the pose of a cylindrical dental fixture as appearing on radiographs; to experimentally validate the method described.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The pose of a conventional dental implant was described by a triplet of angles (phi-pitch, theta-roll, and psi-yaw) which was calculated throughout vector analysis. Radiographic- and simulated-image obtained with an algorithm were compared to test effectiveness, reproducibility, and accuracy of the method. The length of the dental implant as appearing on the simulated image was calculated by the trigonometric function and then compared with real length as it appeared on a two-dimensional radiograph.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty radiographs were analyzed for the present in silico and retrospective study. Among 40 fittings, 37 resulted as resolved with residuals\u2009\u2264\u20091\u00a0mm. Similar results were obtained for radiographic and simulated implants with absolute errors of \u2212\u20091.1\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20093.9\u00b0 for phi; \u2212\u20090.9\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.1\u00b0 for theta; 0\u00b0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.1\u00b0 for psi. The real and simulated length of the implants appeared to be heavily correlated. Linear dependence was verified by the results of the robust linear regression: 0.9757 (slope),\u2009+\u20090.1344\u00a0mm (intercept), and an adjusted coefficient of determination of 0.9054.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The method allowed clinicians to calculate, a posteriori, a single real triplet of angles (phi, theta, psi) by analyzing a two-dimensional radiograph and to identify cases where standardization of repeated intraoral radiographies was not achieved. The a posteriori standardization of two-dimensional radiographs could allowed the clinicians to minimize the patient\u2019s exposure to ionizing radiations for the measurement of marginal bone levels around dental implants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01448-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T13:03:05Z","timestamp":1615035785000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Standardization of three-dimensional pose of cylindrical implants from intraoral radiographs: a preliminary study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9107-8011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saverio","family":"Cosola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Toti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Pe\u00f1arrocha-Diago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ugo","family":"Covani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bruno Carlo","family":"Brevi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pe\u00f1arrocha-Oltra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"1448_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.05.018","volume":"47","author":"M Cassetta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cassetta M, Di Giorgio R, Barbato E. Are intraoral radiographs reliable in determining peri-implant marginal bone level changes? The correlation between open surgical measurements and peri-apical radiographs. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;47(10):1358\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.05.018.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"1448_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(92)90337-a","volume":"68","author":"HJ Meijer","year":"1992","unstructured":"Meijer HJ, Steen WH, Bosman F. Standardized radiographs of the alveolar crest around implants in the mandible. J Prosthet Dent. 1992;68:318\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0022-3913(92)90337-a.","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"1448_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s11282-019-00374-5","volume":"36","author":"GB Menchini-Fabris","year":"2020","unstructured":"Menchini-Fabris GB, Covani U, Toti P, Marconcini S, Barone A, Martuscelli R. A methodological approach to standardize and control the quality of the position and alignment of lamina implants on two-dimensional radiographs. Oral Radiol. 2020;36:288\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11282-019-00374-5.","journal-title":"Oral Radiol"},{"key":"1448_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1118\/1.597938","volume":"24","author":"KR Hoffmann","year":"1997","unstructured":"Hoffmann KR, Esthappan J. Determination of three-dimensional positions of known sparse objects from a single projection. Med Phys. 1997;24:555\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.597938.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1448_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2849","DOI":"10.1118\/1.1796951","volume":"31","author":"R Schulze","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schulze R, Bruellmann DD, Roeder F, d\u2019Hoedt B. Determination of projection geometry from quantitative assessment of the distortion of spherical references in single-view projection radiography. Med Phys. 2004;31:2849\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1118\/1.1796951.","journal-title":"Med Phys"},{"key":"1448_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/56357032","volume":"34","author":"RK Schulze","year":"2005","unstructured":"Schulze RK, Weinheimer O, Brullmann DD, Roder F, d\u2019Hoedt B, Schoemer E. Software for automated application of a reference-based method for a posteriori determination of the effective radiographic imaging geometry. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2005;34:205\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/dmfr\/56357032.","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"1448_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1991.020102.x","volume":"2","author":"IP Sewerin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sewerin IP. Estimation of angulation of Br\u00e5nemark titanium fixtures from radiographic thread images. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1991;2:20\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0501.1991.020102.x.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"key":"1448_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-009-0350-9","volume":"14","author":"F Roeder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Roeder F, Br\u00fcllmann D, d\u2019Hoedt B, Schulze R. Ex vivo radiographic tooth length measurements with the reference sphere method (RSM). Clin Oral Investig. 2010;14:645\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-009-0350-9.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"1448_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1097\/ID.0000000000000118","volume":"23","author":"M Stoetzer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Stoetzer M, Wagner MEH, Wenzel D, Lindhorst D, Gellrich NC, von See C. Nonradiological method for 3 dimensional implant position assessment using an intraoral scan: new method for postoperative implant control. Implant Dent. 2014;23:612\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/ID.0000000000000118.","journal-title":"Implant Dent"},{"key":"1448_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20110429","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20110429","volume":"42","author":"L Vazquez","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vazquez L, Nizamaldin Y, Combescure C, Nedir R, Bischof M, Ehrenfest DM, Carrel JP, Belser UC. Accuracy of vertical height measurements on direct digital panoramic radiographs using posterior mandibular implants and metal balls as reference objects. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2013;42:20110429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/dmfr.20110429.","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"1448_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1111\/clr.12214","volume":"25","author":"C von See","year":"2014","unstructured":"von See C, Wagner MEH, Schumann P, Lindhorst D, Gellrich NC, Stoetzer M. Non-radiological method for threedimensional implant position evaluation using an intraoral scan method. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2014;25:1091\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/clr.12214.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Implants Res"},{"key":"1448_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/12523158","volume":"39","author":"RKW Schulze","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schulze RKW. Pose determination of a cylindrical (dental) implant in threedimensions from a single two-dimensional radiograph. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2010;39:33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/dmfr\/12523158.","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"1448_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20170258","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20170258","volume":"47","author":"P Toti","year":"2018","unstructured":"Toti P, Barone A, Marconcini S, Menchini-Fabris GB, Martuscelli R, Covani U. Pose determination of a blade implant in three dimensions from a single two-dimensional radiograph. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2018;47:20170258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/dmfr.20170258.","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"},{"key":"1448_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/45365752","volume":"40","author":"N Fernandez-Formoso","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fernandez-Formoso N, Rilo B, Mora MJ, Martinez-Silva I, Santana U. A paralleling technique modification to determine the bone crest level around dental implants. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2011;40:385\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1259\/dmfr\/45365752.","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac Radiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-021-01448-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-021-01448-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-021-01448-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]],"date-time":"2021-03-06T13:05:50Z","timestamp":1615035950000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-021-01448-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1448"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-021-01448-9","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-126721\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 December 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This retrospective chart review study involving human participants was in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The Human Investigation Committee (IRB) of University of Pisa approved present data analysis (Ethical Approval Form 2626\/2008 Protocol Number 58183).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"100"}}