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Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease characterized by periodontal soft tissue inflammation and the progressive loss of periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Macrophages are closely related to periodontitis progression. However, the role of BAFF in periodontitis development and macrophage polarization and the underlying mechanism remain unknown.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In vivo, a ligation-induced mouse model of periodontitis for BAFF blockade was established to investigate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) through real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the level of TNF-\u03b1 in the periodontium, the number of osteoclasts, and alveolar bone resorption were observed. In vitro, RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were treated with 100\u00a0ng\/mL <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> lipopolysaccharide (<jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> LPS) in either the presence or absence of 50\u00a0nM small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting BAFF, followed by further incubation for 24\u00a0h. These cells and supernatants were collected and stored for RT-PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In vivo, BAFF blockade decreased the levels of TNF-\u03b1 in the periodontium in a ligature-induced mouse periodontitis model. Reduced osteoclast formation and lower alveolar bone loss were also observed. In addition, BAFF blockade was related to the expression of polarization signature molecules in macrophages. In vitro, BAFF knockdown notably suppressed the production of TNF-\u03b1 in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> LPS. Moreover, BAFF knockdown attenuated the polarization of RAW 264.7 cells into classically activated macrophages (M1), with reduced expression of iNOS.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Based on our limited evidence, we showed BAFF blockade exhibits potent anti-inflammatory properties in mice experimental periodontitis in vivo and in <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic> LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells in vitro, and macrophage polarization may be responsible for this effect.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01788-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]],"date-time":"2021-09-04T15:02:17Z","timestamp":1630767737000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["B cell activating factor regulates periodontitis development by suppressing inflammatory responses in macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lixia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zihan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jie","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuomin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1788_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3785","volume":"15","author":"G Hajishengallis","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hajishengallis G. 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