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A total of 446 cases and 4460 controls were included in the study. Daily concentrations of CO, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>, PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> and PM<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> during the first trimester of pregnancy were assigned to each subject using the nearest monitoring station method. Multivariate logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the associations of monthly average exposure to gaseous air pollutants with orofacial clefts and its subtypes before and after adjusting for particulate matter. Variance inflation factors (VIFs) were used to determine if the effects of gaseous air pollutants could be independent of particulate matter.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Increase in CO, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> significantly increased the risk of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL\/P) in all months during the first trimester of pregnancy, with aORs ranging from 1.39 to 1.48, from 1.35 to 1.61 and from 1.22 to 1.35, respectively. The risk of cleft palate only (CPO) increased with increasing NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> exposure levels in the first trimester of pregnancy, with aORs ranging from 1.60 to 1.66. These effects sustained and even exacerbated after adjusting for particulate matter. No significant effect of O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> was observed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study suggested that maternal exposure to CO, NO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>, and SO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> during the first trimester of pregnancy might contribute to the development of orofacial clefts, and the associations were potentially independent of particulate matter.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01876-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T20:24:15Z","timestamp":1634329455000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["First trimester exposure to ambient gaseous air pollutants and risk of orofacial clefts: a case\u2013control study in Changsha, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanqin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingli","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9703","key":"1876_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60695-4","volume":"374","author":"PA Mossey","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mossey PA, Little J, Munger RG, Dixon MJ, Shaw WC. 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