{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T22:55:52Z","timestamp":1794005752248,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639008000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Angle Class III malocclusion, characterized by a concave profile, can cause serious harm to children\u2019s physical and mental health. The Frankel III appliance is an effective treatment for Angle Class III malocclusion in mixed denition. We explored three-dimensional changes in the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial morphology, after one year of Frankel III appliance treatment, in children with Angle Class III malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 20 children (9 males), aged 8\u201310\u00a0years, with Angle Class III malocclusion from the Orthodontics Department of our hospital. Each child was treated with a Frankel III appliance for one year. Cone beam computed tomography was performed before and after treatment to evaluate three-dimensional changes in the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial morphology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After one year of treatment, in the upper airway, we observed significant increases in the nasopharynx volume and height (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05); the velopharyngeal volume, height, and average cross-sectional area (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05); the glossopharynx volume and minimum cross-sectional area (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05); and the laryngopharynx height (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Accordingly, the total upper airway volume, height, and average cross sectional area increased significantly (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). An examination of craniomaxillofacial morphology showed significant increases in some bone tissues (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and dental measurements, and a significant reduction in the inclination of the mandibular central incisor (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with Angle class III malocclusion treated with a Frankel III appliance showed no upper airway narrowing, even after repositioning the mandible posteriorly. Moreover, treatment promoted forward maxilla development and increased its width, in both the dental arch and alveolar bone, which provided a more harmonious craniofacial morphology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-02013-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]],"date-time":"2021-12-09T08:02:52Z","timestamp":1639036972000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Three-dimensional changes in the upper airway and craniomaxillofacial morphology of patients with Angle Class III malocclusion treated with a Frankel III appliance"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yinan","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2013_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/S0929-6646(09)60264-3","volume":"105","author":"HP Chang","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chang HP, Tseng YC, Chang HF. 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The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Board of our hospital, which was affiliated with the medical university (approval number: CMUSH-IRB-KJ-PJ-2017-07F). All procedures performed in this retrospective study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Patients signed informed consent regarding publishing their data and photographs. The authors understand that if the manuscript is accepted, the Editors reserve the right to determine whether it will be published in the print edition or solely in the Internet edition of the Journal. Articles accepted for publication are subject to editorial revision.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"634"}}