{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T06:54:15Z","timestamp":1780556055659,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647043200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ghana\u2019s Office of research innovation and development","award":["URF\/9\/ILG-065\/2015-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URF\/9\/ILG-065\/2015-2016"]}]},{"name":"University of Ghana\u2019s Office of research innovation and development","award":["URF\/9\/ILG-065\/2015-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URF\/9\/ILG-065\/2015-2016"]}]},{"name":"University of Ghana\u2019s Office of research innovation and development","award":["URF\/9\/ILG-065\/2015-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URF\/9\/ILG-065\/2015-2016"]}]},{"name":"University of Ghana\u2019s Office of research innovation and development","award":["URF\/9\/ILG-065\/2015-2016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URF\/9\/ILG-065\/2015-2016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Oral health surveys aid in estimating the oral health of a population and provide a projection for future oral health care needs. We report the procedures and rationale of a survey carried out to assess the oral health status and risk factors for oral disease among adults in the Greater Accra Region (GAR) of Ghana. The objective was to provide prevalence estimates on dental diseases, oral health behaviour and risk factors, and to establish baseline epidemiological data on the population\u2019s oral health for further research.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This was a population-based cross-sectional study of adults aged 25\u00a0years and above. A random, stratified two-stage sampling method was used to select participants from rural and urban communities in three types of districts (Metropolitan, Municipal, Ordinary). A semi- structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, oral health behaviours and risk factors for oral disease. Anthropometric data and a full-mouth clinical examination was carried out including: soft tissue assessment, tooth count, prosthodontic status, dental caries assessment and periodontal assessment.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 729 participants were included in the study with a mean age of 43.9\u00a0years (SD 14.6). Majority 425 (61.0%) were females. Though the metropolitan districts had more dental clinics and personnel, along with better health insurance coverage, they had a higher prevalence of missing teeth, retained roots, severe periodontitis and poorer oral health coverage. The findings also show some significant differences in disease prevalence, within the different localities and districts.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Availability and access to oral health services is not the most important determinant of good oral health outcomes in this region. We recommend exploring socio-behavioral and cultural factors as well. This study provides district level data to inform policy and guide further research.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02090-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T14:02:41Z","timestamp":1647093761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Assessment of oral health status in a Ghanaian\u00a0population: rationale, methods, and population characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sandra Ama","family":"Hewlett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paa-Kwesi","family":"Blankson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justice Moses K.","family":"Aheto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Anto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Danso-Appiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josephine","family":"Sackeyfio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo","family":"Koram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert G. B.","family":"Amoah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2090_CR1","first-page":"441","volume":"39","author":"PE Petersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Petersen PE. Continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century: the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Chin J Stomatol. 2004;39(6):441\u20134.","journal-title":"Chin J Stomatol"},{"key":"2090_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12428","volume":"22","author":"LJ Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin LJ, Lamster IB, Greenspan JS, Pitts NB, Scully C, Warnakulasuriya S. Global burden of oral diseases: emerging concepts, management and interplay with systemic health. Oral Dis. 2016;22:609\u201319.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"2090_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2008.tb00185.x","volume":"58","author":"PE Petersen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Petersen PE. The World Health Organization (WHO) Global Oral Health World Health Organization global policy for improvement of oral health-World Health Assembly 2007. Int Dent J. 2008;58:115\u201321.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515582062","volume":"27","author":"A Abid","year":"2015","unstructured":"Abid A, Maatouk F, Berrezouga L, Azodo C, Uti O, El-Shamy H, Oginni A. Prevalence and severity of oral diseases in the Africa and Middle East Region. Adv Dent Res. 2015;27(1):10\u20137.","journal-title":"Adv Dent Res"},{"key":"2090_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajoh.v2i1-2.56990","author":"C Ndiaye","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ndiaye C. Oral health in the African region: progress and perspectives of the regional strategy. Afr J Oral Health. 2005. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4314\/ajoh.v2i1-2.56990.","journal-title":"Afr J Oral Health"},{"key":"2090_CR6","volume-title":"Oral health surveys: basic methods","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Oral health surveys: basic methods. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-018-0812-2","volume":"17","author":"A Kailembo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kailembo A, Preet R, Williams JS. Socioeconomic inequality in self-reported unmet need for oral health services in adults aged 50 years and over in China, Ghana, and India. Int J Equity Health. 2018;17(1):1\u20134.","journal-title":"Int J Equity Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR8","first-page":"179","volume":"34","author":"AB MacGregor","year":"1964","unstructured":"MacGregor AB. Diet and Dental Disease in Ghana: Hunterian Lecture delivered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England on 24th May 1963. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1964;34(3):179.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"2090_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blankson PK, Amoah G, Thadani M, Newman-Nartey M, Amarquaye G, Hewlett S, Ampofo P, Sackeyfio J. Prevalence of oral conditions and associated factors among schoolchildren in Accra, Ghana: a cross-sectional study. Int Dent J. 2022;72(1):93\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2021.02.004"},{"issue":"4","key":"2090_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00631.x","volume":"52","author":"I Bruce","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bruce I, Addo ME, Ndanu T. Oral health status of peri-urban schoolchildren in Accra, Ghana. Int Dental J. 2002;52(4):278\u201382.","journal-title":"Int Dental J"},{"key":"2090_CR11","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service. 2010 Population & Housing Census: Demographic, Social, Economic & Housing Characteristics. Ghana Statistical Service; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20096","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.20096","volume":"6","author":"RB Biritwum","year":"2013","unstructured":"Biritwum RB, Mensah G, Minicuci N, Yawson AE, Naidoo N, Chatterji S, Kowal P. Household characteristics for older adults and study background from SAGE Ghana Wave 1. Glob Health Action. 2013;6(1):20096.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"2090_CR13","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), Ghana Health Service (GHS), ICF International. Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Rockville, Maryland, USA: GSS, GHS, and ICF International; 2015."},{"issue":"4","key":"2090_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2007.00076.x","volume":"68","author":"BA Dye","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dye BA, Nowjack-Raymer R, Barker LK, Nunn JH, Steele JG, Tan S, Lewis BG, Beltran-Aguilar ED. Overview and quality assurance for the oral health component of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2003\u201304. J Public Health Dent. 2008;68(4):218\u201326.","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"2090_CR15","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO STEPS surveillance manual: the WHO STEPwise approach to chronic disease risk factor surveillance. No. WHO\/NMH\/CHP\/SIP\/05.02. World Health Organization; 2005."},{"key":"2090_CR16","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World Health Survey B\u2014Individual Questionnaire. World Health Organization, Evidence and Information Policy. 2002."},{"key":"2090_CR17","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8\u201311 December 2008."},{"key":"2090_CR18","volume-title":"Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2011","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Use of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: abbreviated report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0471-5","volume":"18","author":"AR Elias-Boneta","year":"2018","unstructured":"Elias-Boneta AR, Ramirez K, Rivas-Tumanyan S, Murillo M, Toro MJ. Prevalence of gingivitis and calculus in 12-year-old Puerto Ricans: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):1.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"2090_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2012.110664","volume":"83","author":"PI Eke","year":"2012","unstructured":"Eke PI, Page RC, Wei L, Thornton-Evans G, Genco RJ. Update of the case definitions for population-based surveillance of periodontitis. J Periodontol. 2012;83(12):1449\u201354.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"2090_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2007.00354.x","volume":"35","author":"KL Sisson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sisson KL. Theoretical explanations for social inequalities in oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2007;35:81\u20138.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12075","volume":"75","author":"SA Hewlett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hewlett SA, Calys-Tagoe BNL, Yawson AE, Dako-Gyeke P, Nakua E, Folson G, et al. Prevalence and geographic distribution of edentulism among older Ghanaians. J Public Health Dent. 2015;75(1):74\u201383.","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"2090_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-164","author":"B Varenne","year":"2006","unstructured":"Varenne B, Petersen PE, Fournet F, Msellati P, Gary J, Ouattara S, et al. Illness-related behaviour and utilization of oral health services among adult city-dwellers in Burkina Faso: evidence from a household survey. BMC Health Serv Res. 2006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6963-6-164.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"2090_CR24","unstructured":"Antwi LA. Natural fluoride levels of some borehole and river waters in the Accra Plains and upper regions of Ghana. Trop Dent J. 1995:7\u201313."},{"issue":"6","key":"2090_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2004.tb00303.x","volume":"54","author":"C Okunseri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Okunseri C, Born D, Chattopadhyay A. Self-reported dental visits among adults in Benin City. Nigeria Int Dent J. 2004;54(6):450\u20136.","journal-title":"Nigeria Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"2090_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1477249","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2018.1477249","volume":"11","author":"JP Morgan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morgan JP, Isyagi M, Ntaganira J, Gatarayiha A, Pagni SE, Roomian TC, et al. Building oral health research infrastructure: the first national oral health survey of Rwanda. Glob Health Action. 2018;11(1):1477249.","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"2090_CR27","unstructured":"Onuoha E. Oral health status of young adults in the Ga District. Doctoral dissertation, University of Ghana."},{"key":"2090_CR28","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Promoting oral health in Africa: prevention and control of oral diseases and noma as part of essential noncommunicable disease interventions."},{"issue":"3","key":"2090_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02858262","volume":"33","author":"M AduTutu","year":"1979","unstructured":"AduTutu M, Afful Y, Asante-Appiah K, Lieberman D, Hall JB, Elvin-Lewis M. Chewing stick usage in southern Ghana. Econ Bot. 1979;33(3):320\u20138.","journal-title":"Econ Bot"},{"issue":"2","key":"2090_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.1988.tb03171.x","volume":"48","author":"CO Enwonwu","year":"1988","unstructured":"Enwonwu CO. Societal expectations for oral health: response of the dental care system in Africa. J Public Health Dent. 1988;48(2):84\u201393.","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-022-02090-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-022-02090-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-022-02090-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]],"date-time":"2022-03-12T14:02:49Z","timestamp":1647093769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-022-02090-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-022-02090-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"31 July 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 February 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 March 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Ghana Heath Service Ethical Review Committee in Ghana (GHS-ERC:15\/09\/15) and the University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry Ethical and Protocol Review Committee (CHS-Et\/M.7-P4.7\/2015-2016). Permission was obtained from the Metropolitan, Municipal or District Directors of Health Services for all the districts selected. The research and its procedures were explained to respondents in detail after which their written consent was obtained before the study related procedures were carried out.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The study was partly funded by the University of Ghana\u2019s Office of research innovation and development (ORID) and Unilever Ghana Limited. Apart from these, the authors whose names are listed above certify that they have no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers\u2019 bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"67"}}