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The aims of this pilot study were to analyze and compare soft tissues\u2019 response to PEEK and titanium (Ti) healing abutments (HA) by means of histological and immunohistochemical analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 22 implants with PEEK or Ti HA were placed in 11 patients, applying the \u201csplit-mouth\u201d study design. Three months later, soft tissue specimens were harvested from 20 implants for histology in order to qualitatively detect the inflammatory cells\u2019 presence, to semi-qualitatively analyze the inflammation intensity and to assess the inflammatory responses type by immunohistochemical analysis using LCA, CD3, CD20 and CD68 antibodies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Epithelial infiltrate followed by an intensive inflammation in sub-epithelium was observed in 100% around PEEK HA. A number of LCA+ and CD 68+ cells was significantly higher in PEEK comparing to Ti group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001 and<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.020, respectively), while CD 20+ and CD3+ counted cells were found in a significantly higher amount in Ti than in PEEK group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.006 and<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010, respectively).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>PEEK HA seems to evoke the more intense tissue inflammatory response demonstrated predominantly by histocytes\u2019 and plasmacytes\u2019 activation, while Ti HA triggers the inflammatory reaction of lower intensity, dominantly mediated by B-cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study registered at<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>(NCT04436939).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-022-02536-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]],"date-time":"2022-11-11T21:03:18Z","timestamp":1668200598000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Immunohistochemical analysis of soft tissue response to polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and titanium healing abutments on dental implants: a randomized pilot clinical study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5664-7848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iva","family":"Milinkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9439-0529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Djinic","family":"Krasavcevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5223-6993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sasha","family":"Jankovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8448-9234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Sopta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0390-8789","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoran","family":"Aleksic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2536_CR1","first-page":"11","volume":"1","author":"T Albrektsson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Albrektsson T, Zarb G, Worthington P, Eriksson AR. 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All the participants included in the present study signed an informed consent. All methods in this study were performed in accordance with the Helsinki declaration of 1964. and the subsequent amendments.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"484"}}