{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T08:37:48Z","timestamp":1794559068578,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the change in upper airway and craniocervical posture after orthodontic treatment between adolescent and adult patients with Class II high-angle malocclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 12 adolescent (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation age\u2009=\u200913.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.0\u00a0years) and 12 adult patients with Class II high-angle malocclusion (mean\u2009\u00b1\u2009standard deviation age\u2009=\u200923.7\u2009\u00b1\u20096.4\u00a0years) were selected in this study. The lateral cephalograms and cone beam computed tomography images of adolescent and adult patients were taken before and after treatment, which can be employed to evaluate the variables of craniofacial morphology, upper airway, and craniocervical posture through paired t tests, respectively. An independent sample t test was performed to observe the differences between two groups after orthodontic intervention. For adults and adolescents, the correlation between craniofacial morphology, upper airway, and craniocervical posture was determined through Pearson correlation analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In all subjects, the improvements in vertical and sagittal facial morphology after treatment were observed. Anterior and inferior movements of the hyoid bone, an increase of upper airway dimension, posterior tipping of the head and a reduction of cervical inclination in the lower and middle segments post-treatment were identified in adolescence (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Adults displayed anterior movements of the hyoid bone, whereas no significant difference was observed in upper airway dimension and craniocervical posture (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Notable differences were identified in the change of hyoid position and airway volume between two groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Mandibular plane inclination, growth pattern, occlusal plane inclination, and chin position were all significantly correlated with craniocervical posture in adolescent patients. Besides, the mandibular growth pattern and chin position in adult patients were significantly correlated with craniocervical posture (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Orthodontic treatment is capable of enhancing the facial profile of patients with skeletal class II high-angle while improving their upper airway morphology and craniocervical posture, where adolescents and adults differ substantially in that the former exhibit a more favorable alteration in the airway-craniocervical functional environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03328-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]],"date-time":"2023-08-29T00:03:11Z","timestamp":1693267391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Differences in the effects of orthodontic treatment on airway-craniocervical functional environment in adult and adolescent patients with skeletal class II high-angle: a retrospective pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Yiyang","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luxi","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenxing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3328_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.2319\/101512-801.1","volume":"83","author":"R Ye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ye R, et al. Occlusal plane canting reduction accompanies mandibular counterclockwise rotation in camouflaging treatment of hyperdivergent skeletal Class II malocclusion. Angle Orthod. 2013;83:758\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/101512-801.1.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.01.027","volume":"161","author":"R Ning","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ning R, Guo J, Martin D. Effect of premolar extraction on upper airway volume and hyoid position in hyperdivergent adults with different mandibular length. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2022;161:e390\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2021.01.027.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"3328_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.02.016","volume":"159","author":"X Shi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shi X, et al. Effects of miniscrew-assisted orthodontic treatment with premolar extractions on upper airway dimensions in adult patients with Class II high-angle malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2021;159:724\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2020.02.016.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"3328_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jayaratne YS & Zwahlen RA. The oropharyngeal airway in young adults with skeletal class II and class III deformities: a 3-D morphometric analysis. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0148086. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0148086.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148086"},{"key":"3328_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2010.11.013","volume":"69","author":"PH Buschang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buschang PH, Carrillo R, Rossouw PE. Orthopedic correction of growing hyperdivergent, retrognathic patients with miniscrew implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69:754\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2010.11.013.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3328_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-005-0524-2","volume":"66","author":"G Kinzinger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kinzinger G, Diedrich P. Skeletal effects in class II treatment with the functional mandibular advancer (FMA)? J Orofac Orthop. 2005;66:469\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00056-005-0524-2.","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"key":"3328_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cretella Lombardo E et al. Evaluation of sagittal airway dimensions after face mask therapy with rapid maxillary expansion in Class III growing patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;130:109794. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.109794.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2019.109794"},{"key":"3328_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3724\/zdxbyxb-2021-0123","volume":"50","author":"C Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang C, Xu L, Lin J. Clinical efficacy of counterclockwise rotating the functional occlusal plane using micro-implant anchorage. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2021;50:195\u2013204. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3724\/zdxbyxb-2021-0123.","journal-title":"Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"3328_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.2319\/110617-759.1","volume":"88","author":"T Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao T, et al. Impact of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea on the development of Class II hyperdivergent patients receiving orthodontic treatment: (A pilot study). Angle Orthod. 2018;88:560\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/110617-759.1.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.3514","volume":"323","author":"DJ Gottlieb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gottlieb DJ, Punjabi NM. Diagnosis and Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review. JAMA. 2020;323:1389\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.3514.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3328_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.069","volume":"69","author":"S Javaheri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Javaheri S, et al. Sleep apnea: types, mechanisms, and clinical cardiovascular consequences. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:841\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.11.069.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3328_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.002","volume":"52","author":"VK Somers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Somers VK, et al. Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:686\u2013717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.05.002.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"3328_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201501-0169OC","volume":"191","author":"RJ Schwab","year":"2015","unstructured":"Schwab RJ, et al. Understanding the anatomic basis for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adolescents. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:1295\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.201501-0169OC.","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"3328_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e714","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-1672","volume":"130","author":"CL Marcus","year":"2012","unstructured":"Marcus CL, et al. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e714-755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2012-1672.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"3328_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Behrents RG et al. Obstructive sleep apnea and orthodontics: an American Association of Orthodontists White Paper. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2019;156:13\u201328 e11, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.04.009.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.04.009"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3328_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318193d521","volume":"20","author":"Z Abramson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abramson Z, Susarla S, Troulis M, Kaban L. Age-related changes of the upper airway assessed by 3-dimensional computed tomography. J Craniofac Surg. 2009;20(Suppl 1):657\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/SCS.0b013e318193d521.","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"3328_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25169","volume":"56","author":"M Di Cicco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Di Cicco M, et al. Structural and functional development in airways throughout childhood: children are not small adults. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56:240\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ppul.25169.","journal-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol"},{"key":"3328_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.02.002","volume":"25","author":"NT Huynh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Huynh NT, Desplats E, Almeida FR. Orthodontics treatments for managing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2016;25:84\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.smrv.2015.02.002.","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"3328_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/s1389-9457(02)00243-5","volume":"4","author":"RD Chervin","year":"2003","unstructured":"Chervin RD, et al. School performance, race, and other correlates of sleep-disordered breathing in children. Sleep Med. 2003;4:21\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1389-9457(02)00243-5.","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"3328_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2010.53.10.863","volume":"53","author":"SJ Chang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chang SJ, Chae KY. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae. Korean J Pediatr. 2010;53:863\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3345\/kjp.2010.53.10.863.","journal-title":"Korean J Pediatr"},{"key":"3328_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Conley RS. Evidence for dental and dental specialty treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea. Part 1: the adult OSA patient and Part 2: the paediatric and adolescent patient. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38:136\u2013156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02136.x.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2010.02136.x"},{"key":"3328_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-015-1501-6","volume":"124","author":"K Krysta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krysta K, Bratek A, Zawada K, Stepanczak R. Cognitive deficits in adults with obstructive sleep apnea compared to children and adolescents. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017;124:187\u2013201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00702-015-1501-6.","journal-title":"J Neural Transm (Vienna)"},{"key":"3328_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21729","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26243-6","volume":"12","author":"VT Alexa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alexa VT, et al. Cephalometric assessment regarding craniocervical posture in orthodontic patients. Sci Rep. 2022;12:21729. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-022-26243-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"3328_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2005.031","volume":"23","author":"M D'Attilio","year":"2005","unstructured":"D\u2019Attilio M, Caputi S, Epifania E, Festa F, Tecco S. Evaluation of cervical posture of children in skeletal class I, II, and III. Cranio. 2005;23:219\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/crn.2005.031.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"3328_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.46889\/JCMR.2020.1205","volume":"1","author":"F Ogliara","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ogliara F, Greven M. Occlusal plane dictated skeletal and dental malocclusion with concomitant postural diagnostic findings-a pilot study using functional positioning overlays (FPO). J Clin Med Res. 2020;1:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46889\/JCMR.2020.1205.","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"3328_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2017.1345461","volume":"36","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wang S, Wang C, Liu C. Relationships of vertical facial pattern, natural head position and craniocervical posture in young Chinese children. Cranio. 2018;36:311\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08869634.2017.1345461.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"3328_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/20.6.685","volume":"20","author":"B Solow","year":"1998","unstructured":"Solow B, Sonnesen L. Head posture and malocclusions. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:685\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/20.6.685.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(84)90373-7","volume":"86","author":"B Solow","year":"1984","unstructured":"Solow B, Siersbaek-Nielsen S, Greve E. Airway adequacy, head posture, and craniofacial morphology. Am J Orthod. 1984;86:214\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9416(84)90373-7.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/1.1.25","volume":"1","author":"DG Woodside","year":"1979","unstructured":"Woodside DG, Linder-Aronson S. The channelization of upper and lower anterior face heights compared to population standard in males between ages 6 to 20 years. Eur J Orthod. 1979;1:25\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/1.1.25.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9416(93)90005-r","volume":"84","author":"A Wenzel","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wenzel A, Henriksen J, Melsen B. Nasal respiratory resistance and head posture: effect of intranasal corticosteroid (Budesonide) in children with asthma and perennial rhinitis. Am J Orthod. 1983;84:422\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0002-9416(93)90005-r.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2005)075<0167:CIHPAR>2.0.CO;2","volume":"75","author":"S Tecco","year":"2005","unstructured":"Tecco S, Festa F, Tete S, Longhi V, D\u2019Attilio M. Changes in head posture after rapid maxillary expansion in mouth-breathing girls: a controlled study. Angle Orthod. 2005;75:171\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1043\/0003-3219(2005)075%3c0167:CIHPAR%3e2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.1330440306","volume":"44","author":"B Solow","year":"1976","unstructured":"Solow B, Tallgren A. Head posture and craniofacial morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1976;44:417\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.1330440306.","journal-title":"Am J Phys Anthropol"},{"key":"3328_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2013.018","volume":"31","author":"AM Dubojska","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dubojska AM, Smiech-Slomkowska G. Natural head position and growth of the facial part of the skull. Cranio. 2013;31:109\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/crn.2013.018.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"3328_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.2319\/041416-308.1","volume":"87","author":"X Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li X, et al. Effect of occlusal plane control procedure on hyoid bone position and pharyngeal airway of hyperdivergent skeletal Class II patients. Angle Orthod. 2017;87:293\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/041416-308.1.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-135","volume":"10","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang H, Jiang L, Yi Y, Li H, Lan T. Camouflage treatment guided by facial improvement in hyperdivergent skeletal class II malocclusion. Ann Transl Med. 2022;10:163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21037\/atm-22-135.","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"3328_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s40729-018-0144-4","volume":"4","author":"K Becker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Becker K, et al. Efficacy of orthodontic mini implants for en masse retraction in the maxilla: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Implant Dent. 2018;4:35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40729-018-0144-4.","journal-title":"Int J Implant Dent"},{"key":"3328_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1043\/0003-3219(2004)074<0558:SAOCTU>2.0.CO;2","volume":"74","author":"S Kuroda","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kuroda S, Katayama A, Takano-Yamamoto T. Severe anterior open-bite case treated using titanium screw anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2004;74:558\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1043\/0003-3219(2004)074%3c0558:SAOCTU%3e2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10006-014-0457-2","volume":"19","author":"TF Oliveira","year":"2015","unstructured":"Oliveira TF, Nakao CY, Goncalves JR, Santos-Pinto A. Maxillary molar intrusion with zygomatic anchorage in open bite treatment: lateral and oblique cephalometric evaluation. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2015;19:71\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10006-014-0457-2.","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"3328_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-02773-x","volume":"23","author":"Z CobanBuyukbayraktar","year":"2023","unstructured":"CobanBuyukbayraktar Z, Camci H. Dentoalveolar, skeletal, pharyngeal airway, cervical posture, hyoid bone position, and soft palate changes with Myobrace and Twin-block: a retrospective study. BMC Oral Health. 2023;23:53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-02773-x.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"3328_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tselnik M & Pogrel MA. Assessment of the pharyngeal airway space after mandibular setback surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2000;58:282\u2013285; discussion 285\u2013287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0278-2391(00)90053-3.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0278-2391(00)90053-3"},{"key":"3328_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pavoni C, Cretella Lombardo E, Franchi L, Lione R & Cozza P. Treatment and post-treatment effects of functional therapy on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in Class II subjects. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;101:47\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.07.032.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2017.07.032"},{"issue":"6","key":"3328_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-1420","volume":"37","author":"C Pavoni","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pavoni C, Cretella Lombardo E, Lione R, Bollero P, Ottaviani F, Cozza P. Orthopaedics treatment effects of functional therapy on the sagittal pharyngeal dimensions in subjects with Sleep-disordered Breathing and Class II malocclusion. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2017;37(6):479\u201385.","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital"},{"key":"3328_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.2319\/122811-801.1","volume":"82","author":"CC Chiang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiang CC, Jeffres MN, Miller A, Hatcher DC. Three-dimensional airway evaluation in 387 subjects from one university orthodontic clinic using cone beam computed tomography. Angle Orthod. 2012;82:985\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/122811-801.1.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tanaka EM & Sato S. Longitudinal alteration of the occlusal plane and development of different dentoskeletal frames during growth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;134:602 e601\u2013611; discussion 602\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.02.017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2008.02.017"},{"key":"3328_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584295","volume":"20","author":"CF Piccin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Piccin CF, Pozzebon D, Scapini F, Correa EC. Craniocervical posture in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;20:189\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0036-1584295.","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"3328_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shaghayegh Fard B, Ahmadi A, Maroufi N & Sarrafzadeh J. Evaluation of forward head posture in sitting and standing positions. Eur Spine J. 2016;25:3577\u20133582, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00586-015-4254-x.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-015-4254-x"},{"key":"3328_CR47","unstructured":"Nordin M, Frankel VH. Basic biomechanics of the musculoskeletal system. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2001. ISBN 0-683-30247-7."},{"key":"3328_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paco, M., Duarte, J. A. & Pinho, T. Orthodontic treatment and craniocervical posture in patients with temporomandibular disorders: an observational study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18063295.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18063295"},{"key":"3328_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjt004","volume":"36","author":"craniocervical posture and craniofacial morphology","year":"2014","unstructured":"craniocervical posture and craniofacial morphology. Gomes Lde, C., Horta, K. O., Goncalves, J. R. & Santos-Pinto, A. D. Systematic review. Eur J Orthod. 2014;36:55\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/cjt004.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.11.017","volume":"145","author":"P Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim P, Sarauw MT, Sonnesen L. Cervical vertebral column morphology and head posture in preorthodontic patients with anterior open bite. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2014;145:359\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajodo.2013.11.017.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"3328_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/08869634.2019.1652993","volume":"39","author":"M Nath","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nath M, Ahmed J, Ongole R, Denny C, Shenoy N. CBCT analysis of pharyngeal airway volume and comparison of airway volume among patients with skeletal Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusion: a retrospective study. Cranio. 2021;39:379\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08869634.2019.1652993.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"3328_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1179\/crn.2007.016","volume":"25","author":"EA AlKofide","year":"2007","unstructured":"AlKofide EA, AlNamankani E. The association between posture of the head and malocclusion in Saudi subjects. Cranio. 2007;25:98\u2013105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1179\/crn.2007.016.","journal-title":"Cranio"},{"key":"3328_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.2319\/060708-595.1","volume":"79","author":"F Pachi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pachi F, Turla R, Checchi AP. Head posture and lower arch dental crowding. Angle Orthod. 2009;79:873\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/060708-595.1.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.2319\/042314-299.1","volume":"85","author":"J Ansar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ansar J, et al. Soft tissue airway dimensions and craniocervical posture in subjects with different growth patterns. Angle Orthod. 2015;85:604\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2319\/042314-299.1.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/20.2.133","volume":"20","author":"MM Ozbek","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ozbek MM, Miyamoto K, Lowe AA, Fleetham JA. Natural head posture, upper airway morphology and obstructive sleep apnoea severity in adults. Eur J Orthod. 1998;20:133\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejo\/20.2.133.","journal-title":"Eur J Orthod"},{"key":"3328_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.05.031","volume":"74","author":"TC Chaves","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chaves TC, et al. Craniocervical posture and hyoid bone position in children with mild and moderate asthma and mouth breathing. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2010;74:1021\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijporl.2010.05.031.","journal-title":"Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03328-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03328-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03328-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,18]],"date-time":"2023-11-18T06:09:24Z","timestamp":1700287764000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03328-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3328"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-023-03328-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 April 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 August 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University (protocol code: (2021) IIT (171) and date of approval: 10 March 2021) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects. The study was explained, and informed consent was obtained from the patients. As for adolescents, the informed consent was obtained from their legal guardians.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"605"}}