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The main outcomes were classified into three groups: 1) nasal cavity changes, 2) upper airway changes and 3) alar changes. The mean difference (MD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to assess these changes. Heterogeneity tests, subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and publication bias were also analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, 22 articles were included for data analysis. Nasal cavity width (WMD: 2.05\u00a0mm; 95% CI: 1.10, 3.00) and nasal floor width (WMD: 2.13\u00a0mm; 95% CI: 1.16, 3.11) increased significantly. While palatopharyngeal volume (WMD: 0.29 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 95% CI: -0.44, 1.01), glossopharyngeal volume (WMD: 0.30 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 95% CI: -0.29, 0.89) and hypopharyngeal volume (WMD: -0.90 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; 95% CI: -1.86, 0.06) remained unchanged, nasal cavity volume (WMD: 1.24 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 95% CI: 0.68, 1.81), nasopharyngeal volume (MD: 0.75 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 95% CI: 0.44, 1.06), oropharyngeal volume (WMD: 0.61 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 95% CI: 0.35, 0.87), and total volume of the upper airway (WMD: 1.67 cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      , 95% CI: 0.68, 2.66) increased significantly. Alar width (WMD: 1.47\u00a0mm; 95% CI: 0.40, 2.55) and alar base width (WMD: 1.54\u00a0mm; 95% CI: 1.21, 1.87) also increased.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MARPE can increase nasal cavity width, nasal cavity volume, nasopharyngeal volume and oropharyngeal volume for nongrowing patients, but has no significant effect on hypopharyngeal volume. In addition, the alar width also increased. However, the studies included in this meta-analysis were mainly retrospective, nonrandomized and small in number, so the findings should be interpreted with caution and high-quality RCTs need to be studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-023-03344-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T04:01:42Z","timestamp":1698552102000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The short- and long-term changes of upper airway and alar in nongrowing patients treated with Mini-Implant Assisted Rapid Palatal Expansion (MARPE): a systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Cuiyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunmiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianwen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cunhui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"3344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1177\/002203459607502S10","volume":"75 Spec No","author":"JA Brunelle","year":"1996","unstructured":"Brunelle JA, Bhat M, Lipton JA. 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