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This study aimed to detect whether metformin and\/or quercetin will improve gamma-irradiation induced tongue toxicity in diabetic rats.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>35 male albino rats were divided into five groups; NOR no streptozotocin, no radiation and no treatment was given, DR rats were subjected to streptozotocin then gamma-irradiation, DRM rats were subjected to streptozotocin then gamma-irradiation then metformin, DRQ rats were subjected to streptozotocin then gamma-irradiation then quercetin, DRMQ rats were subjected to streptozotocin then gamma-irradiation then metformin and quercetin. Rats were euthanized 24\u00a0h after last treatment dose. Mean blood glucose level was recorded. Tongue specimens were stained with H&amp;E and CD68. Histomorphometric analysis of length, diameter and taste buds of lingual papillae and epithelial, keratin and lamina propria thickness and CD68 positive cells were calculated.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Blood glucose level of DRMQ was significantly lower than DR, DRM and DRQ, whereas higher than NOR. Metformin or quercetin partially restored tongue structure, papillae length and diameter and tongue layers thickness. The ameliorative effect was superior when metformin and quercetin were used together. Diabetes and irradiation significantly increased number of CD68 positive macrophages in submucosa and muscles. Metformin or quercetin significantly reduced number of lingual macrophages with more noticeable effect for quercetin. Treatment with metformin and quercetin significantly decreased number of macrophages.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Combined use of metformin and quercetin might help mitigate the harmful effects of radiotherapy and diabetes on lingual tissues.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-03871-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T13:02:08Z","timestamp":1705582928000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The efficacy of using metformin and\/or quercetin for amelioration of gamma-irradiation induced tongue toxicity in diabetic rats"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Salwa Farid","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mostafa A.","family":"Bakr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amr H.","family":"Rasmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"3871_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2918","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1221","volume":"6","author":"HY Sroussi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sroussi HY, et al. 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