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Fifty-five intact bovine incisors were collected. Enamel blocks (5\u2009\u00d7\u20099\u00a0mm) were prepared. A third of each block\u2019s surface remained intact. Primary carious lesions were induced on the middle and bottom thirds of the blocks by immersing the samples in a demineralization solution for 6\u00a0h. The bottom third of the blocks were further remineralized by randomly applying 0.5%, 2%, or 8% GA varnishes and 2.26% fluoride varnish (V varnish, Vericom, Seoul, Korea), or the varnish base without active ingredients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911 each). The specimens were immersed in a remineralizing solution for 4\u00a0h and then subjected to a 2-hour immersion in the demineralizing solution. After six days of pH cycling, the surface microhardness was measured at depths of 30, 75, and 120\u00a0\u03bcm. The percentage of surface microhardness recovery (SMHR%) was compared among the groups using the Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA, and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05). The SMHR% of all experimental groups was higher than the control group at 30\u00a0\u03bcm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The 0.5% GA varnish showed the highest SMHR% at all depths; however, the difference with the other experimental groups was significant at a depth of 30\u00a0\u03bcm (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The SMHR% of the fluoride and the 2% and 8% GA varnishes was comparable at all depths. All treatments potentially remineralize enamel lesions, with 0.5% GA varnish having the greatest effect, particularly on the top surface layer. As such, this newly developed varnish may emerge as a promising alternative to fluoride varnish.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-03921-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T04:58:55Z","timestamp":1706936335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Investigating the efficacy of a varnish containing gallic acid on remineralization of enamel lesions: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Iman","family":"Parisay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzie","family":"Boskabady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saber","family":"Babazadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melika","family":"Hoseinzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Esmaeilzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3921_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/dj9060064","volume":"9","author":"A Baik","year":"2021","unstructured":"Baik A, Alamoudi N, El-Housseiny A, Altuwirqi A. 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All experimental protocols were approved by the local ethics committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran (IR.MUMS.DENTISTRY.REC.1401.054). Since bovine central incisors were used in this study, consent to participate was not relevant. This study is reported in accordance with ARRIVE guidelines.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Obtaining consent for publication did not apply to the current study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"175"}}