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Participants were categorized into three groups according to depressive symptoms as follows: those with no, mild, or moderate to severe depression. Data were weighted, and multiple potential covariates were included in the analysis to provide national estimates and account for the complex sample design. A multivariable weighted logistic regression model was performed to test the hypothesis that varying degrees of depression in American adults are associated with untreated dental caries. Subgroup analyses were performed based on age and gender after adjusting for potential covariates. A <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> value of &lt;.05 was considered significant.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Among 8740 participants, the prevalence of untreated coronal and root caries was 20.50% and 12.92%, respectively. Moderate to severe depression was a significant risk factor (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.09\u20131.66) for untreated root caries. The risk of untreated root caries increased by 87% in young adults (aged 20\u201344 years) and by 46% in women with moderate to severe depression. The suest analysis revealed that the impact of moderate to severe depressive disorder on untreated root caries was non-significantly different between the age subgroup (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.09) and sex subgroup (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>=0.51). However, depression was non-significantly associated with untreated coronal caries (mild depression: OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.85\u20131.34; moderate to severe depression 1.06; 95% CI, 0.83\u20131.36; respectively).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of this study suggested a significant association between moderate and severe depression and untreated root caries; however, the association with untreated coronal caries was non-significant. In the United States, moderate and severe depression in adults is associated with root caries.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04288-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T16:04:57Z","timestamp":1714665897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Depression and dental caries in US adults, NHANES 2015\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zefeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingfang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Libo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4288_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.08.024","volume":"60","author":"DF Levinson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Levinson DF. 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The survey protocols for this study were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Research Ethics Review Committee, and written informed consent was obtained from all participants or their representatives for data collection and analysis.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"520"}}