{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:43:55Z","timestamp":1791902635629,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periodontal diseases may benefit more from topical treatments with nanoparticles rather than systemic treatments due to advantages such as higher stability and controlled release profile. This study investigated the preparation and characterization of thermosensitive gel formulations containing clindamycin-loaded niosomes and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) loaded with fluconazole (FLZ), as well as their in vitro antibacterial and antifungal effects in the treatment of common microorganisms that cause periodontal diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study loaded niosomes and SLNs with clindamycin and FLZ, respectively, and assessed their loading efficiency, particle size, and zeta potential. The particles were characterized using a variety of methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Thermosensitive gels were formulated by combining these particles and their viscosity, gelation temperature,\n                      <jats:italic>in-vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      release profile, as well as antibacterial and antifungal effects were evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both types of these nanoparticles were found to be spherical (TEM) with a mean particle size of 243.03\u00a0nm in niosomes and 171.97\u00a0nm in SLNs (DLS), and respective zeta potentials of -23.3 and -15. The loading rate was 98% in niosomes and 51% in SLNs. The release profiles of niosomal formulations were slower than those of the SLNs. Both formulations allowed the release of the drug by first-order kinetic. Additionally, the gel formulation presented a slower release of both drugs compared to niosomes and SLNs suspensions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thermosensitive gels containing clindamycin-loaded niosomes and\/or FLZ-SLNs were found to effectively fight the periodontitis-causing bacteria and fungi.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04322-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T10:01:39Z","timestamp":1715421699000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Thermosensitive and mucoadhesive gels containing solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with fluconazole and niosomes loaded with clindamycin for the treatment of periodontal diseases: a laboratory experiment"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Saeidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashin","family":"Giti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Emami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehdi","family":"Rostami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"4322_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520952401","volume":"100","author":"M Romandini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Romandini M, Baima G, Antonoglou G, Bueno J, Figuero E, Sanz M. Periodontitis, edentulism, and risk of mortality: A systematic review with meta-analyses. J Dent Res. 2021;100:37\u201349.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"4322_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2016.11.005","volume":"61","author":"JD Harvey","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harvey JD. Periodontal microbiology. Dent Clin North Am. 2017;61:253\u201369.","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"4322_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1080\/00325481.2018.1396876","volume":"130","author":"EM Cardoso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cardoso EM, Reis C, Manzanares-C\u00e9spedes MC. Chronic periodontitis, inflammatory cytokines, and interrelationship with other chronic diseases. Postgrad Med. 2018;130:98\u2013104.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med"},{"key":"4322_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cden.2018.08.005","volume":"63","author":"S Kumar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kumar S. Evidence-based update on diagnosis and management of gingivitis and periodontitis. Dent Clin North Am. 2019;63:69\u201381.","journal-title":"Dent Clin North Am"},{"key":"4322_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4545","DOI":"10.3390\/app9214545","volume":"9","author":"D Kida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kida D, Karolewicz B, Junka A, Sender-Janeczek A, Du\u015b I, Marciniak D, et al. Metronidazole-loaded porous matrices for local periodontitis treatment: In vitro evaluation and in vivo pilot study. Appl Sci. 2019;9:4545\u201363.","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"4322_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12071574","volume":"12","author":"M Zi\u0119ba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zi\u0119ba M, Chaber P, Duale K, Martinka Maksymiak M, Basczok M, Kowalczuk M, et al. Polymeric carriers for delivery systems in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease. Polymers (Basel). 2020;12:1574.","journal-title":"Polymers (Basel)"},{"key":"4322_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1615\/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2014008117","volume":"31","author":"G Goyal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goyal G, Garg T, Rath G, Goyal AK. Current nanotechnological strategies for an effective delivery of drugs in treatment of periodontal disease. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2014;31:89\u2013119.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst"},{"key":"4322_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1177\/0885328215614191","volume":"30","author":"Y Pakzad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pakzad Y, Ganji F. Thermosensitive hydrogel for periodontal application: in vitro drug release, antibacterial activity and toxicity evaluation. J Biomater Appl. 2016;30:919\u201329.","journal-title":"J Biomater Appl"},{"key":"4322_CR9","first-page":"23","volume":"4","author":"R Muzzalupo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Muzzalupo R, Tavano L. Niosomal drug delivery for transdermal targeting: recent advances. Res Rep Transderm Drug Deliv. 2015;4:23\u201333.","journal-title":"Res Rep Transderm Drug Deliv"},{"key":"4322_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.10.003","volume":"366","author":"J Pardeike","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pardeike J, Hommoss A, M\u00fcller RH. Lipid nanoparticles (SLN, NLC) in cosmetic and pharmaceutical dermal products. Int J Pharm. 2009;366:170\u201384.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"4322_CR11","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"N Rashidah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rashidah N, Rajabalaya R, David S, Dhaliwal J, Jagjit S. Current status of local drug delivery systems in the treatment of periodontal diseases. J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci. 2019;2:1\u20135.","journal-title":"J Res Dent Maxillofac Sci"},{"key":"4322_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-973X.104394","volume":"2","author":"M Tariq","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tariq M, Iqbal Z, Ali J, Baboota S, Talegaonkar S, Ahmad Z, et al. Treatment modalities and evaluation models for periodontitis. Int J Pharm Investig. 2012;2:106\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Investig"},{"key":"4322_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2103","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-018-1010-7","volume":"19","author":"W Boonlai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Boonlai W, Tantishaiyakul V, Hirun N, Sangfai T, Suknuntha K. Thermosensitive Poloxamer 407\/Poly(Acrylic Acid) hydrogels with potential application as injectable drug delivery system. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018;19:2103\u201317.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"4322_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-018-0488-6","volume":"9","author":"R Sheshala","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheshala R, Quah SY, Tan GC, Meka VS, Jnanendrappa N, Sahu PS. Investigation on solution-to-gel characteristic of thermosensitive and mucoadhesive biopolymers for the development of moxifloxacin-loaded sustained release periodontal in situ gels. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2019;9:434\u201343.","journal-title":"Drug Deliv Transl Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4322_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10070814","volume":"10","author":"I Luchian","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luchian I, Goriuc A, Martu MA, Covasa M. Clindamycin as an alternative option in optimizing periodontal therapy. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(7):814.","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"4322_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130301400206","volume":"14","author":"TM Waltimo","year":"2003","unstructured":"Waltimo TM, Sen BH, Meurman JH, \u00d8rstavik D, Haapasalo MP. Yeasts in apical periodontitis. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2003;14:128\u201337.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"4322_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2017.1413444","volume":"25","author":"S El-Housiny","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Housiny S, Shams Eldeen MA, El-Attar YA, Salem HA, Attia D, Bendas ER, et al. Fluconazole-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles topical gel for treatment of pityriasis versicolor: formulation and clinical study. Drug Deliv. 2018;25:78\u201390.","journal-title":"Drug Deliv"},{"key":"4322_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-010-9480-2","volume":"11","author":"K Ruckmani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ruckmani K, Sankar V. Formulation and optimization of zidovudine niosomes. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2010;11:1119\u201327.","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"4322_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10030173","volume":"10","author":"I Akbarzadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Akbarzadeh I, Shayan M, Bourbour M, Moghtaderi M, Noorbazargan H, Eshrati Yeganeh F, et al. Preparation, optimization and in-vitro evaluation of curcumin-loaded niosome@ calcium alginate nanocarrier as a new approach for breast cancer treatment. Biology. 2021;10:173.","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"4322_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.102183","volume":"61","author":"F Mohammadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohammadi F, Giti R, Meibodi MN, Ranjbar AM, Bazooband AR, Ramezani V. Preparation and evaluation of kojic acid dipalmitate solid lipid nanoparticles. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2021;61:102183.","journal-title":"J Drug Deliv Sci Technol"},{"key":"4322_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.1990.tb00222.x","volume":"5","author":"TE Rams","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rams TE, Feik D, Slots J. Staphylococci in human periodontal diseases. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 1990;5:29\u201332.","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"4322_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700605","volume":"87","author":"BZ Fritschi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fritschi BZ, Albert-Kiszely A, Persson GR. Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria in untreated periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2008;87:589\u201393.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"4322_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2005.00239.x","volume":"20","author":"P K\u00f5ll-Klais","year":"2005","unstructured":"K\u00f5ll-Klais P, M\u00e4ndar R, Leibur E, Marcotte H, Hammarstr\u00f6m L, Mikelsaar M. Oral lactobacilli in chronic periodontitis and periodontal health: species composition and antimicrobial activity. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2005;20:354\u201361.","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"4322_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4625368","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4625368","volume":"2022","author":"B Jabri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jabri B, Iken M, Ait-Ou-Amar S, Rida S, Bouziane A, Ennibi OK. Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis in periodontitis in adolescents and young adults. Int J Microbiol. 2022;2022:4625368.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"},{"key":"4322_CR25","first-page":"63","volume":"6","author":"AS Unniachan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Unniachan AS, Jayakumari NK, Sethuraman S. Association between Candida species and periodontal disease: A systematic review. Curr Med Mycol. 2020;6:63\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Med Mycol"},{"key":"4322_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8050535","volume":"8","author":"S Joshi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Joshi S, White R, Sahu R, Dennis VA, Singh SR. Comprehensive screening of drug encapsulation and co-encapsulation into niosomes produced using a microfluidic device. Processes. 2020;8:535.","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"4322_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2018.08.001","volume":"143","author":"P Trucillo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trucillo P, Campardelli R. Production of solid lipid nanoparticles with a supercritical fluid assisted process. J Supercrit Fluids. 2019;143:16\u201323.","journal-title":"J Supercrit Fluids"},{"key":"4322_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2010.12.024","volume":"84","author":"C Vitorino","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vitorino C, Carvalho FA, Almeida AJ, Sousa JJ, Pais AA. The size of solid lipid nanoparticles: an interpretation from experimental design. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces. 2011;84:117\u201330.","journal-title":"Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"4322_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/358782","volume":"2012","author":"J Emami","year":"2012","unstructured":"Emami J, Rezazadeh M, Varshosaz J. Formulation of LDL targeted nanostructured lipid carriers loaded with paclitaxel: a detailed study of preparation, freeze drying condition, and in vitro cytotoxicity. J Nanomater. 2012;2012:1\u201310.","journal-title":"J Nanomater"},{"key":"4322_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.4103\/0250-474X.57291","volume":"71","author":"N Harish","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harish N, Prabhu P, Charyulu R, Gulzar M, Subrahmanyam E. Formulation and evaluation of in situ gels containing clotrimazole for oral candidiasis. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009;71:421\u20137.","journal-title":"Indian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"4322_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.14-0012-OA","volume":"56","author":"MMR Sarker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sarker MMR, Islam KN, Huri HZ, Rahman M, Imam H, Hosen MB, et al. Studies of the impact of occupational exposure of pharmaceutical workers on the development of antimicrobial drug resistance. J Occup Health. 2014;56:260\u201370.","journal-title":"J Occup Health"},{"key":"4322_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3037817","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3037817","volume":"2016","author":"B Moges","year":"2016","unstructured":"Moges B, Bitew A, Shewaamare A. Spectrum and the in vitro antifungal susceptibility pattern of yeast isolates in Ethiopian HIV patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis. Int J Microbiol. 2016;2016:3037817.","journal-title":"Int J Microbiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04322-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04322-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04322-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]],"date-time":"2024-05-11T10:01:54Z","timestamp":1715421714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04322-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04322-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 October 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was ethically approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Care Services (No. 11479).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"551"}}