{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:12:43Z","timestamp":1793293963833,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc, United States"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Translational microbiome research using next-generation DNA sequencing is challenging due to the semi-qualitative nature of relative abundance data. A novel method for quantitative analysis was applied in this 12-week clinical trial to understand the mechanical vs. chemotherapeutic actions of brushing, flossing, and mouthrinsing against the supragingival dental plaque microbiome. Enumeration of viable bacteria using vPCR was also applied on supragingival plaque for validation and on subgingival plaque to evaluate interventional effects below the gingival margin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Subjects with gingivitis were enrolled in a single center, examiner-blind, virtually supervised, parallel group controlled clinical trial. Subjects with gingivitis were randomized into brushing only (B); brushing and flossing (BF); brushing and rinsing with Listerine\u00ae Cool Mint\u00ae Antiseptic (BA); brushing and rinsing with Listerine\u00ae Cool Mint\u00ae Zero (BZ); or brushing, flossing, and rinsing with Listerine\u00ae Cool Mint\u00ae Zero (BFZ). All subjects brushed twice daily for 1\u00a0min with a sodium monofluorophosphate toothpaste and a soft-bristled toothbrush. Subjects who flossed used unflavored waxed dental floss once daily. Subjects assigned to mouthrinses rinsed twice daily. Plaque specimens were collected at the baseline visit and after 4 and 12 weeks of intervention. Bacterial cell number quantification was achieved by adding reference amounts of DNA controls to plaque samples prior to DNA extraction, followed by shallow shotgun metagenome sequencing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>286 subjects completed the trial. The metagenomic data for supragingival plaque showed significant reductions in Shannon-Weaver diversity, species richness, and total and categorical bacterial abundances (commensal, gingivitis, and malodor) after 4 and 12 weeks for the BA, BZ, and BFZ groups compared to the B group, while no significant differences were observed between the B and BF groups. Supragingival plaque vPCR further validated these results, and subgingival plaque vPCR demonstrated significant efficacy for the BFZ intervention only.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This publication reports on a successful application of a quantitative method of microbiome analysis in a clinical trial demonstrating the sustained and superior efficacy of essential oil mouthrinses at controlling dental plaque compared to mechanical methods. The quantitative microbiological data in this trial also reinforce the safety and mechanism of action of EO mouthrinses against plaque microbial ecology and highlights the importance of elevating EO mouthrinsing as an integral part of an oral hygiene regimen.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title><jats:p>The trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov on 31\/10\/2022. The registration number is NCT05600231.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04362-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T15:02:00Z","timestamp":1715958120000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Quantitative analysis of the effects of brushing, flossing, and mouthrinsing on supragingival and subgingival plaque microbiota: 12-week clinical trial"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Kyungrok","family":"Min","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Lynn","family":"Bosma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"DelSasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffery","family":"Milleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly R.","family":"Milleman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"4362_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.05.016","volume":"431","author":"AM Valm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Valm AM. The structure of Dental Plaque Microbial communities in the transition from Health to Dental Caries and Periodontal Disease. J Mol Biol. 2019;431(16):2957\u201369.","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"4362_CR2","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Transactions of the National Dental Association","author":"National Dental Association - Minutes of the Executive Council","year":"1909","unstructured":"National Dental Association - Minutes of the Executive Council. Report of the special committee on revision of the hygiene report - the mouth and the teeth. Transactions of the National Dental Association. Philadelphia: Press of the \u2018Dental Cosmos\u2019; 1909. pp. 17\u20139."},{"issue":"4","key":"4362_CR3","first-page":"CD012018","volume":"4","author":"HV Worthington","year":"2019","unstructured":"Worthington HV, MacDonald L, Poklepovic Pericic T, Sambunjak D, Johnson TM, Imai P, Clarkson JE. Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal diseases and dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019;4(4):CD012018.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"4362_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2015.02.011","volume":"146","author":"MWB Araujo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Araujo MWB, Charles CA, Weinstein RB, McGuire JA, Parikh-Das AM, Du Q, Zhang J, Berlin JA, Gunsolley JC. Meta-analysis of the effect of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse on gingivitis and plaque. J Am Dent Assoc. 2015;146(8):610\u201322.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"4","key":"4362_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2004.0217","volume":"135","author":"N Sharma","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sharma N, Charles CH, Lynch MC, Qaqish J, McGuire JA, Galustians JG, Kumar LD. Adjunctive benefit of an essential oil-containing mouthrinse in reducing plaque and gingivitis in patients who brush and floss regularly: a six-month study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2004;135(4):496\u2013504.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"4362_CR6","first-page":"8","volume":"96","author":"ML Bosma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bosma ML, McGuire JA, Sunkara A, Sullivan P, Yoder A, Milleman J, Milleman K. Efficacy of Flossing and Mouthrinsing regimens on Plaque and Gingivitis: a randomized clinical trial. J Dent Hyg. 2022;96(3):8\u201320.","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4362_CR7","first-page":"21","volume":"96","author":"J Milleman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Milleman J, Bosma ML, McGuire JA, Sunkara A, McAdoo K, DelSasso A, Wills K, Milleman K. Comparative effectiveness of Toothbrushing, Flossing and Mouthrinse regimens on Plaque and Gingivitis: a 12-week virtually supervised clinical trial. J Dent Hyg. 2022;96(3):21\u201334.","journal-title":"J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"4362_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0454-6","volume":"18","author":"MC Lynch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lynch MC, Cortelli SC, McGuire JA, Zhang J, Ricci-Nittel D, Mordas CJ, Aquino DR, Cortelli JR. The effects of essential oil mouthrinses with or without alcohol on plaque and gingivitis: a randomized controlled clinical study. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):6.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4362_CR9","first-page":"149","volume":"26","author":"SC Cortelli","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cortelli SC, Cortelli JR, Shang H, McGuire JA, Charles CA. Long-term management of plaque and gingivitis using an alcohol-free essential oil containing mouthrinse: a 6-month randomized clinical trial. Am J Dent. 2013;26(3):149\u201355.","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"4362_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027003157.x","volume":"27","author":"DH Fine","year":"2000","unstructured":"Fine DH, Furgang D, Barnett ML, Drew C, Steinberg L, Charles CH, Vincent JW. Effect of an essential oil-containing antiseptic mouthrinse on plaque and salivary Streptococcus mutans levels. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(3):157\u201361.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4362_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051x.2005.00674.x","volume":"32","author":"DH Fine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fine DH, Furgang D, Sinatra K, Charles C, McGuire A, Kumar LD. In vivo antimicrobial effectiveness of an essential oil-containing mouth rinse 12\u00a0h after a single use and 14 days\u2019 use. J Clin Periodontol. 2005;32(4):335\u201340.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4362_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2007.01096.x","volume":"34","author":"DH Fine","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fine DH, Markowitz K, Furgang D, Goldsmith D, Charles CH, Lisante TA, Lynch MC. Effect of an essential oil-containing antimicrobial mouthrinse on specific plaque bacteria in vivo. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;34(8):652\u20137.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4362_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2007.070120","volume":"78","author":"DH Fine","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fine DH, Markowitz K, Furgang D, Goldsmith D, Ricci-Nittel D, Charles CH, Peng P, Lynch MC. Effect of rinsing with an essential oil-containing mouthrinse on subgingival periodontopathogens. J Periodontol. 2007;78(10):1935\u201342.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4362_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1994.65.1.30","volume":"65","author":"JB Fine","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fine JB, Harper DS, Gordon JM, Hovliaras CA, Charles CH. Short-term microbiological and clinical effects of subgingival irrigation with an antimicrobial mouthrinse. J Periodontol. 1994;65(1):30\u20136.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4362_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1989.tb00003.x","volume":"16","author":"GE Minah","year":"1989","unstructured":"Minah GE, DePaola LG, Overholser CD, Meiller TF, Niehaus C, Lamm RA, Ross NM, Dills SS. Effects of 6 months use of an antiseptic mouthrinse on supragingival dental plaque microflora. J Clin Periodontol. 1989;16(6):347\u201352.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4362_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302x.2004.00168.x","volume":"19","author":"SS Socransky","year":"2004","unstructured":"Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Smith C, Martin L, Haffajee JA, Uzel NG, Goodson JM. Use of checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization to study complex microbial ecosystems. Oral Microbiol Immunol. 2004;19(6):352\u201362.","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4362_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x","volume":"25","author":"SS Socransky","year":"1998","unstructured":"Socransky SS, Haffajee AD, Cugini MA, Smith C, Kent RL Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1998;25(2):134\u201344.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4362_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5721","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.11.5721-5732.2005","volume":"43","author":"JA Aas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Aas JA, Paster BJ, Stokes LN, Olsen I, Dewhirst FE. Defining the normal bacterial flora of the oral cavity. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(11):5721\u201332.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4362_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1687397","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2019.1687397","volume":"12","author":"M Carda-Dieguez","year":"2020","unstructured":"Carda-Dieguez M, Bravo-Gonzalez LA, Morata IM, Vicente A, Mira A. High-throughput DNA sequencing of microbiota at interproximal sites. J Oral Microbiol. 2020;12(1):1687397.","journal-title":"J Oral Microbiol"},{"key":"4362_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-259","volume":"9","author":"E Zaura","year":"2009","unstructured":"Zaura E, Keijser BJ, Huse SM, Crielaard W. Defining the healthy core microbiome of oral microbial communities. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:259.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"key":"4362_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Min K, Glowacki AJ, Bosma ML, McGuire JA, Tian S, McAdoo K, DelSasso A, Fourre T, Gambogi RJ, Milleman J, et al. Quantitative analysis of the effects of essential oil mouthrinses on clinical plaque microbiome: a parallel-group, randomized trial. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc; 2024.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04365-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"4362_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-03924-4","volume":"24","author":"ML Bosma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bosma ML, McGuire JA, DelSasso A, Milleman J, Milleman K. Efficacy of flossing and mouth rinsing regimens on plaque and gingivitis: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):178.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4362_CR23","first-page":"3","volume":"8","author":"RR Lobene","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lobene RR, Weatherford T, Ross NM, Lamm RA, Menaker L. A modified gingival index for use in clinical trials. Clin Prev Dent. 1986;8(1):3\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Prev Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"4362_CR24","first-page":"229","volume":"25","author":"J Ainamo","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ainamo J, Bay I. Problems and proposals for recording gingivitis and plaque. Int Dent J. 1975;25(4):229\u201335.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"key":"4362_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345600390021601","volume":"39","author":"NW Chilton","year":"1960","unstructured":"Chilton NW. Studies in the design and analysis of dental experiments. II. A four-way analysis of variance. J Dent Res. 1960;39:344\u201360.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4362_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0765.1989.tb00860.x","volume":"24","author":"CA Saxton","year":"1989","unstructured":"Saxton CA, van der Ouderaa FJ. The effect of a dentifrice containing zinc citrate and Triclosan on developing gingivitis. J Periodontal Res. 1989;24(1):75\u201380.","journal-title":"J Periodontal Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"4362_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00748.x","volume":"21","author":"GA Van der Weijden","year":"1994","unstructured":"Van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Nijboer A, Reijerse E, Van der Velden U. Comparison of different approaches to assess bleeding on probing as indicators of gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21(9):589\u201394.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4362_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1970.41.1.41","volume":"41","author":"S Turesky","year":"1970","unstructured":"Turesky S, Gilmore ND, Glickman I. Reduced plaque formation by the chloromethyl analogue of victamine C. J Periodontol. 1970;41(1):41\u20133.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"4362_CR29","unstructured":"Team RDC. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. In. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021."},{"key":"4362_CR30","first-page":"5","volume":"2","author":"JB Oksanen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oksanen JB, Friendly FG, Kindt M, Legendre R, McGlinn P, Minchin D, O\u2019Hara PR, Simpson RB, Solymos GL, Stevens P, Szoecs HH, Wagner E. Vegan: Community Ecology Package. In. 2020;2:5\u20136.","journal-title":"In"},{"issue":"4","key":"4362_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","volume":"8","author":"PJ McMurdie","year":"2013","unstructured":"McMurdie PJ, Holmes S. Phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61217.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"4362_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2010.133","volume":"5","author":"C Lozupone","year":"2011","unstructured":"Lozupone C, Lladser ME, Knights D, Stombaugh J, Knight R. UniFrac: an effective distance metric for microbial community comparison. ISME J. 2011;5(2):169\u201372.","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4362_CR33","first-page":"32","volume":"26","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson MJ. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecol. 2001;26(1):32\u201346.","journal-title":"Austral Ecol"},{"issue":"D1","key":"4362_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D92","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa1023","volume":"49","author":"EW Sayers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sayers EW, Cavanaugh M, Clark K, Pruitt KD, Schoch CL, Sherry ST. Karsch-Mizrachi I: GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49(D1):D92\u20136.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"19","key":"4362_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","volume":"192","author":"FE Dewhirst","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, Lakshmanan A, Wade WG. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2010;192(19):5002\u201317.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"10","key":"4362_CR36","first-page":"ZC01","volume":"8","author":"V Arora","year":"2014","unstructured":"Arora V, Tangade P, Tirth TLR, Pal A, Tandon S. Efficacy of dental floss and chlorhexidine mouth rinse as an adjunct to toothbrushing in removing plaque and gingival inflammation - a three way cross over trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(10):ZC01\u201304.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4362_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1111\/idh.12307","volume":"16","author":"HS Luis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Luis HS, Luis LS, Bernardo M, Dos Santos NR. Randomized controlled trial on mouth rinse and flossing efficacy on interproximal gingivitis and dental plaque. Int J Dent Hyg. 2018;16(2):e73\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"4362_CR38","first-page":"351","volume":"15","author":"NC Sharma","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sharma NC, Charles CH, Qaqish JG, Galustians HJ, Zhao Q, Kumar LD. Comparative effectiveness of an essential oil mouthrinse and dental floss in controlling interproximal gingivitis and plaque. Am J Dent. 2002;15(6):351\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"issue":"8","key":"4362_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050362","volume":"77","author":"S Zimmer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zimmer S, Kolbe C, Kaiser G, Krage T, Ommerborn M, Barthel C. Clinical efficacy of flossing versus use of antimicrobial rinses. J Periodontol. 2006;77(8):1380\u20135.","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"4362_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.42.100188.003211","volume":"42","author":"PE Kolenbrander","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kolenbrander PE. Intergeneric coaggregation among human oral bacteria and ecology of dental plaque. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1988;42:627\u201356.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"4362_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16018","DOI":"10.1038\/npjbiofilms.2016.18","volume":"2","author":"N Wake","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wake N, Asahi Y, Noiri Y, Hayashi M, Motooka D, Nakamura S, Gotoh K, Miura J, Machi H, Iida T, et al. Temporal dynamics of bacterial microbiota in the human oral cavity determined using an in situ model of dental biofilms. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2016;2:16018.","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"3","key":"4362_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2003.0167","volume":"134","author":"K Bauroth","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bauroth K, Charles CH, Mankodi SM, Simmons K, Zhao Q, Kumar LD. The efficacy of an essential oil antiseptic mouthrinse vs. dental floss in controlling interproximal gingivitis: a comparative study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2003;134(3):359\u201365.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"8","key":"4362_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1985.tb00937.x","volume":"12","author":"DH Fine","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fine DH, Letizia J, Mandel ID. The effect of rinsing with listerine antiseptic on the properties of developing dental plaque. J Clin Periodontol. 1985;12(8):660\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4362_CR44","first-page":"277","volume":"6","author":"D Kubert","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kubert D, Rubin M, Barnett ML, Vincent JW. Antiseptic mouthrinse-induced microbial cell surface alterations. Am J Dent. 1993;6(6):277\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Dent"},{"issue":"4","key":"4362_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051x.2000.027004256.x","volume":"27","author":"P Pan","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pan P, Barnett ML, Coelho J, Brogdon C, Finnegan MB. Determination of the in situ bactericidal activity of an essential oil mouthrinse using a vital stain method. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(4):256\u201361.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"Suppl 5","key":"4362_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.30.s5.4.x","volume":"30","author":"JP Ouhayoun","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ouhayoun JP. Penetrating the plaque biofilm: impact of essential oil mouthwash. J Clin Periodontol. 2003;30(Suppl 5):10\u20132.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4362_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1994.tb00736.x","volume":"21","author":"S Jenkins","year":"1994","unstructured":"Jenkins S, Addy M, Wade W, Newcombe RG. The magnitude and duration of the effects of some mouthrinse products on salivary bacterial counts. J Clin Periodontol. 1994;21(6):397\u2013401.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4362_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1988.tb01020.x","volume":"15","author":"ID Mandel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Mandel ID. Chemotherapeutic agents for controlling plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol. 1988;15(8):488\u201398.","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"4362_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-12-262","volume":"12","author":"E Marchetti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Marchetti E, Mummolo S, Di Mattia J, Casalena F, Di Martino S, Mattei A, Marzo G. Efficacy of essential oil mouthwash with and without alcohol: a 3-day plaque accumulation model. Trials. 2011;12:262.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"7","key":"4362_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.03.012","volume":"38","author":"I Tomas","year":"2010","unstructured":"Tomas I, Cousido MC, Garcia-Caballero L, Rubido S, Limeres J, Diz P. Substantivity of a single chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary flora: influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. J Dent. 2010;38(7):541\u20136.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"issue":"11","key":"4362_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3247","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.175.11.3247-3252.1993","volume":"175","author":"PE Kolenbrander","year":"1993","unstructured":"Kolenbrander PE, London J. Adhere today, here tomorrow: oral bacterial adherence. J Bacteriol. 1993;175(11):3247\u201352.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"12","key":"4362_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01631-09","volume":"192","author":"S Periasamy","year":"2010","unstructured":"Periasamy S, Kolenbrander PE. Central role of the early colonizer Veillonella sp. in establishing multispecies biofilm communities with initial, middle, and late colonizers of enamel. J Bacteriol. 2010;192(12):2965\u201372.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4362_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509346811","volume":"88","author":"K Hojo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hojo K, Nagaoka S, Ohshima T, Maeda N. Bacterial interactions in dental biofilm development. J Dent Res. 2009;88(11):982\u201390.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"4362_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2381","volume":"8","author":"PE Kolenbrander","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kolenbrander PE, Palmer RJ Jr., Periasamy S, Jakubovics NS. Oral multispecies biofilm development and the key role of cell-cell distance. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8(7):471\u201380.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4362_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.66.3.486-505.2002","volume":"66","author":"PE Kolenbrander","year":"2002","unstructured":"Kolenbrander PE, Andersen RN, Blehert DS, Egland PG, Foster JS, Palmer RJ Jr. Communication among oral bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2002;66(3):486\u2013505. table of contents.","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Biol Rev"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04362-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04362-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04362-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T08:48:33Z","timestamp":1732006113000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04362-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4362"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04362-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 August 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"This trial was sponsored by Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., (JJCI; Skillman, NJ, USA). KM, MLB, GJ, JAM, and AD contributed to the study while employed by JJCI. JM and KRM are directors at Salus Research, Inc. (Fort Wayne, IN, USA), an independent research site approved by the American Dental Association. JM and KRM received grants from JJCI and conducted the trial on behalf of JJCI. JM and KRM declare no conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"The study protocol, informed consent documents, and study materials were reviewed and approved by Veritas IRB, Inc. (Quebec, Canada), an independent third-party research ethics committee, on April 04, 2022, reference number 2022-3010-10278-1. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects. The CONSORT statement was followed for the reporting of this randomized clinical trial.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"JM and KRM are directors at Salus Research, Inc. (Fort Wayne, IN, USA), an independent research site approved by the American Dental Association. JM and KRM received grants from JJCI and conducted the trial on behalf of JJCI. JM and KRM declare no conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and\/or publication of this article.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"575"}}