{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T18:37:28Z","timestamp":1769279848153,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Delta University for Science and Technology"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>This study assessed the effect of cevimeline and different concentrations of gum arabic on the parotid gland of rats being given xerostomia-inducing methotrexate.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>One hundred twenty-five rats were divided into five equal groups of twenty-five each. The rats in Group I received basic diets, while those in Groups II, III, IV, and V received 20\u00a0mg\/kg MTX as a single intraperitoneal dose on day one. Group III received 10\u00a0mg\/kg CVM dissolved in saline orally and daily, and the other two groups <jats:sup>received a 10% W\/V<\/jats:sup> aqueous suspension of GA. Therefore, Group IV received 2\u00a0ml\/kg suspension orally and daily, while Group V received 3\u00a0ml\/kg suspension orally and daily. After 9 days, the parotid glands were dissected carefully and prepared for hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E) staining as a routine histological stain and caspase-3 and Ki67 immunohistochemical staining. Quantitative data from \u03b1-Caspase-3 staining and Ki67 staining were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\u2019s multiple comparisons post hoc test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Regarding caspase-3 and Ki67 immunohistochemical staining, one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference among the five groups. For Caspase-3, the highest mean value was for group II (54.21\u2009\u00b1\u20096.90), and the lowest mean value was for group I (15.75\u2009\u00b1\u20093.67). The other three groups had mean values of 31.09\u2009\u00b1\u20095.90, 30.76\u2009\u00b1\u20095.82, and 20.65\u2009\u00b1\u20093.47 for groups III, IV, and V, respectively. For Ki67, the highest mean value was for group I (61.70\u2009\u00b1\u20096.58), and the lowest value was for group II (18.14a\u2009\u00b1\u20095.16). The other three groups had mean values of 34.4\u2009\u00b1\u20099.27, 48.03\u2009\u00b1\u20098.40, and 50.63\u2009\u00b1\u20098.27 for groups III, IV, and V, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>GA, rather than the normally used drug CVM, had a desirable effect on the salivary glands of patients with xerostomia.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04374-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T18:24:06Z","timestamp":1716920646000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effect of cevimeline and different concentration of gum arabic on parotid salivary gland function in methotrexate-induced xerostomia: a comparative study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud Mohamed","family":"Aboulfotoh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4374_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2009.00662.x","volume":"90","author":"MI Mednieks","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mednieks MI, Szczepanski A, Clark B, Hand AR. Protein expression in salivary glands of rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Int J Exp Pathol. 2009;90:412\u201322.","journal-title":"Int J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"4374_CR2","unstructured":"Nanci A. Ten Cate\u2019s oral histology 9th Edition. Ninth edit. Elsevier Inc. 2017."},{"key":"4374_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies AN, Thompson J. Parasympathomimetic drugs for the treatment of salivary gland dysfunction due to radiotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015;2020.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003782.pub3"},{"key":"4374_CR4","first-page":"102","volume":"2","author":"J Roganovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Roganovic J. Pharmacodynamic causes of Xerostomia in patients on psychotropic drugs. Acta Sci Dent Sci. 2018;2:102\u20136.","journal-title":"Acta Sci Dent Sci"},{"key":"4374_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.162.11.1293","volume":"162","author":"RS Fife","year":"2002","unstructured":"Fife RS, Chase WF, Dore RK, Wiesenhutter CW, Lockhart PB, Tindall E, et al. Cevimeline for the treatment of Xerostomia in patients with Sj\u00f6gren Syndrome. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1293.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"4374_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-5037.2008.00326.x","volume":"7","author":"M Braga","year":"2009","unstructured":"Braga M, Tarzia O, Bergamaschi C, Santos F, Andrade E, Groppo F. Comparison of the effects of pilocarpine and cevimeline on salivary flow. Int J Dent Hyg. 2009;7:126\u201330.","journal-title":"Int J Dent Hyg"},{"key":"4374_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2017.07.003","volume":"59","author":"P Strojan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Strojan P, Hutcheson KA, Eisbruch A, Beitler JJ, Langendijk JA, Lee AWM, et al. Treatment of late sequelae after radiotherapy for head and neck cancer. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;59:79\u201392.","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev"},{"key":"4374_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581003605920","volume":"62","author":"O Nasir","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nasir O, Wang K, F\u00f6ller M, Bhandaru M, Sandulache D, Artunc F, et al. Downregulation of Angiogenin Transcript Levels and Inhibition of Colonic Carcinoma by Gum Arabic (Acacia senegal). Nutr Cancer. 2010;62:802\u201310.","journal-title":"Nutr Cancer"},{"key":"4374_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.057","volume":"147","author":"A Sharkawy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sharkawy A, Casimiro FM, Barreiro MF, Rodrigues AE. Enhancing trans-resveratrol topical delivery and photostability through entrapment in chitosan\/gum Arabic Pickering emulsions. Int J Biol Macromol. 2020;147:150\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"4374_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2010.03.012","volume":"25","author":"AO Phillips","year":"2011","unstructured":"Phillips AO, Phillips GO. Biofunctional behaviour and health benefits of a specific gum arabic. Food Hydrocoll. 2011;25:165\u20139.","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll"},{"key":"4374_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.09.002","volume":"44","author":"Y Doi","year":"2006","unstructured":"Doi Y, Ichihara T, Hagiwara A, Imai N, Tamano S, Orikoshi H, et al. A ninety-day oral toxicity study of a new type of processed gum arabic, from Acacia tree (Acacia senegal) exudates, in F344 rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006;44:560\u20136.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"4374_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-11-111","volume":"11","author":"R Babiker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Babiker R, Merghani TH, Elmusharaf K, Badi RM, Lang F, Saeed AM. Effects of gum arabic ingestion on body mass index and body fat percentage in healthy adult females: two-arm randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind trial. Nutr J. 2012;11:111.","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"key":"4374_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.355","volume":"81","author":"VM Raj Krishnamurthy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Raj Krishnamurthy VM, Wei G, Baird BC, Murtaugh M, Chonchol MB, Raphael KL, et al. High dietary fiber intake is associated with decreased inflammation and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2012;81:300\u20136.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"4374_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.21608\/mjcu.2019.54869","volume":"87","author":"D Yousef","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yousef D, Salah S, AL-Semeh A. Oxidative stress Changes Induced by Methotrexate on Parotid Gland structure of adult male albino rat: can vitamin C ameliorate these changes? Med J Cairo Univ. 2019;87:2555\u201365.","journal-title":"Med J Cairo Univ"},{"key":"4374_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.2209\/tdcpublication.48.47","volume":"48","author":"K Takakura","year":"2007","unstructured":"Takakura K, Takaki S, Takeda I, Hanaue N, Kizu Y, Tonogi M, et al. Effect of Cevimeline on Radiation-Induced salivary gland dysfunction and AQP5 in Submandibular Gland in mice. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2007;48:47\u201356.","journal-title":"Bull Tokyo Dent Coll"},{"key":"4374_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1081\/JDI-120017439","volume":"25","author":"BH Ali","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ali BH, Al-Qarawi AA, Haroun EM, Mousa HM. The Effect of Treatment with Gum Arabic on Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity in rats: a preliminary study. Ren Fail. 2003;25:15\u201320.","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"4374_CR17","first-page":"91","volume":"10","author":"OA Albeladi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Albeladi OA. Histochemical study of the effect of glycerol on the kidney of male albino rats treated with Gum Arabic. J Biochem Tech. 2019;10:91\u20137.","journal-title":"J Biochem Tech"},{"key":"4374_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14030","volume":"83","author":"M Hamid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hamid M, Abdulrahim Y, Liu D, Qian G, Khan A, Huang K. The Hepatoprotective Effect of Selenium-Enriched yeast and gum arabic combination on Carbon Tetrachloride\u2010Induced Chronic Liver Injury in rats. J Food Sci. 2018;83:525\u201334.","journal-title":"J Food Sci"},{"key":"4374_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mohsen R, El-Messiry H. The possible ameliorating role of platelet Rich plasma versus Propolis on Submandibular Salivary glands damage Induced by Methotrexate in Adult male albino rats (light and transmission Electron microscopic study). Egypt J Histol. 2022;0\u20130.","DOI":"10.21608\/ejh.2022.119924.1639"},{"key":"4374_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2014.2914","volume":"11","author":"LT LI","year":"2015","unstructured":"LI LT, JIANG G, CHEN Q, ZHENG JN. Ki67 is a promising molecular target in the diagnosis of cancer (review). Mol Med Rep. 2015;11:1566\u201372.","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"4374_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01471-w","volume":"21","author":"S Bielfeldt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bielfeldt S, Wilhelm D, Neumeister C, Schwantes U, Wilhelm K-P. Effect of a newly developed pastille on the salivary flow rate in subjects with dry mouth symptoms: a randomized, controlled, monocentric clinical study. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21:117.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"4374_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.12.038","volume":"65","author":"BH Ali","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ali BH, Alza\u2019abi M, Ramkumar A, Al-Lawati I, Waly MI, Beegam S, et al. The effect of activated charcoal on adenine-induced chronic renal failure in rats. Food Chem Toxicol. 2014;65:321\u20138.","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"4374_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s42269-019-0086-x","volume":"43","author":"AM Said","year":"2019","unstructured":"Said AM, Atwa SAE, Khalifa OA. Ameliorating effect of gum arabic and lemongrass on chronic kidney disease induced experimentally in rats. Bull Natl Res Cent. 2019;43:47.","journal-title":"Bull Natl Res Cent"},{"key":"4374_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e55242","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055242","volume":"8","author":"BH Ali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ali BH, Al-Husseni I, Beegam S, Al-Shukaili A, Nemmar A, Schierling S, et al. Effect of Gum Arabic on oxidative stress and inflammation in Adenine\u2013Induced Chronic Renal failure in rats. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e55242.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4374_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2009.009214","volume":"235","author":"BH Ali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ali BH, Al-Salam S, Al Husseni I, Kayed RR, Al-Masroori N, Al-Harthi T, et al. Effects of Gum Arabic in rats with adenine-induced chronic renal failure. Exp Biol Med. 2010;235:373\u201382.","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"4374_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e8254","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000008254","volume":"96","author":"X Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang X, Wang D, Yuan N, Liu F, Wang F, Wang B, et al. The prognostic value of PCNA expression in patients with osteosarcoma. Med (Baltim). 2017;96:e8254.","journal-title":"Med (Baltim)"},{"key":"4374_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-006-0507-8","volume":"26","author":"H Yamada","year":"2007","unstructured":"Yamada H, Nakagawa Y, Wakamatsu E, Sumida T, Yamachika S, Nomura Y, et al. Efficacy prediction of cevimeline in patients with Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome. Clin Rheumatol. 2007;26:1320\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"4374_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.2739\/kurumemedj.MS60227","volume":"60","author":"M Nakamura","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakamura M, Saga T, Watanabe K, Takahashi N, Tabira Y, Kusukawa J, et al. An immunohistochemistry-based study on aquaporin (AQP)-1, 3, 4, 5 and 8 in the parotid glands, submandibular glands and sublingual glands of Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome mouse models chronically administered Cevimeline. Kurume Med J. 2013;60:7\u201319.","journal-title":"Kurume Med J"},{"key":"4374_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.24617","volume":"304","author":"F Loy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Loy F, Isola M, Masala C, Isola R. Reactivity of human labial glands in response to cevimeline treatment. Anat Rec. 2021;304:2879\u201390.","journal-title":"Anat Rec"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04374-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04374-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04374-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T18:24:25Z","timestamp":1716920665000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04374-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4374"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04374-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 May 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The experiments were performed under the guidelines and regulations of the ARRIVE guidelines. Approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee, Faculty of Dentistry, Delta University for Science and Technology (FODMRC-2023-00100).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"624"}}