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Male SS patients had greater oral candidiasis rates (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) and stimulated whole saliva (SWS) were both shown to be adversely associated with oral <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infections (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Logistic regression revealed that a low UWS was an independent risk factor for oral <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infections in SS patients (OR: 0.004, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.023). Greater WBC counts (OR: 1.22, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), lower haemoglobin levels (OR: 0.97, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007), lower serum albumin levels (OR: 0.88, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), lower IgG levels (OR: 0.91, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011), lower IgA levels (OR: 0.75, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011), and lower IgM levels (OR: 0.91, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.015) were found in patients with oral <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infections. Patients on immunosuppressive medications (OR: 0.32, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011), particularly rapamycin (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), had a decreased rate of oral <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Patients with oral candidiasis were older than those without oral candidiasis. Male SS patients are more likely to have oral candidiasis. Individuals with lower UWS and SWS are more susceptible to oral <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infection. Oral <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infections in SS patients depend on their immunological status. Rapamycin may increase the abundance of Treg cells to reduce oral <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic> infection in SS patients.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04595-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]],"date-time":"2024-07-17T15:01:58Z","timestamp":1721228518000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Clinical features and risk factors for Sjogren\u2019s syndrome patients suffering from oral candidiasis in Shanxi, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Yexing","family":"Xing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honghong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caihong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4595_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1804598","volume":"379","author":"JP Lefaucheur","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lefaucheur JP, Sene D, Oaklander AL. 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