{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T20:43:28Z","timestamp":1793306608435,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic> has been implicated as a primary causative agent of dental caries and one of its important virulence properties is an ability to form biofilm on tooth surfaces. Thus, strategies to prevent and control <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> biofilms are requested. The present study aimed to examine the eradication of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> planktonic and biofilm cells using riboflavin (Rib)-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) enhanced by postbiotic mediators derived from <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Rib and postbiotic mediators were determined. The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects of Rib-mediated aPDT (Rib plus blue light), Rib-mediated aPDT in combination with postbiotic mediators derived from <jats:italic>Lactobacillus casei<\/jats:italic> (LC) (aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LC<\/jats:sup>), and Rib-mediated aPDT in combination with postbiotic mediators derived from <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic> (LP) (aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LP<\/jats:sup>) were evaluated. The anti-virulence potential of Rib-mediated aPDT, aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LC<\/jats:sup>, and aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LP<\/jats:sup> were assessed by measuring the expression of the <jats:italic>gtfB<\/jats:italic> gene using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) at the highest concentrations of Rib, LC, and LP, at which the <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> had proliferation as the same as in the control (non-treated) group.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>According to the results, the MIC doses of LC, LP, and Rib were 64\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, 128\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, and 128\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively, while the MBC values of LC, LP, and Rib were 128\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, 256\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, and 256\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, respectively. Rib-mediated aPDT, aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LP<\/jats:sup>, and aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LC<\/jats:sup> showed a significant reduction in Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/mL of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> compared to the control group (4.2, 4.9, and 5.2 Log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/mL, respectively; all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The most destruction of <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> biofilms was observed after treatment with aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LC<\/jats:sup> followed by aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LP<\/jats:sup> and Rib-mediated aPDT (77.5%, 73.3%, and 67.6%, respectively; all <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The concentrations of 31.2\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, 62.5\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL, and 62.5\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL were considered as the highest concentrations of LC, LP, and Rib, respectively, at which <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> replicates as same as the control group and were used for <jats:italic>gtfB<\/jats:italic> gene expression assay using qRT-PCR during Rib-mediated aPDT, aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LP<\/jats:sup>, and aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LC<\/jats:sup> treatments. Gene expression results revealed that aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LP<\/jats:sup> and aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LC<\/jats:sup> could decrease the gene expression level of <jats:italic>gtfB<\/jats:italic> by 6.3- and 5.7-fold, respectively (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while only 5.1-fold reduction was observed after Rib-mediated aPDT (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our findings indicate that aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LP<\/jats:sup> and aPDT<jats:sup>+\u2009LC<\/jats:sup> hold promise for use as a treatment to combat <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic> planktonic and biofilms growth as well as anti-virulence as a preventive strategy to inhibit biofilms development via reduction of <jats:italic>gtfB<\/jats:italic> gene expression.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04620-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T09:07:24Z","timestamp":1721812044000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Postbiotic mediators derived from Lactobacillus species enhance riboflavin-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for eradication of Streptococcus mutans planktonic and biofilm growth"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Pourhajibagher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan-Ali","family":"Ghafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Bahador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"4620_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.33073\/pjm-2014-018","volume":"63","author":"I Struzycka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Struzycka I. The oral microbiome in dental caries. Pol J Microbiol. 2014;63(2):127\u201335.","journal-title":"Pol J Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4620_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60753-9","volume":"14","author":"JH Kim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kim JH, Yu JH, Mangal U, Liu J, Jung HJ, Cha JY. Evaluation of dental plaque reduction using microcurrent-emitting toothbrushes in orthodontic patients: a randomized, double-blind, crossover clinical trial. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):12126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-60753-9.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4620_CR3","unstructured":"Van der Weijden GA, Timmerman MF, Danser MM, Van der Velden U. The role of electric toothbrushes: advantages and limitations. In Proceedings of the European Workshop on Mechanical plaque control. 1998;138:55\u2009\u2013\u20096."},{"key":"4620_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sun H, Luo F, Wan Q. The Application of Fluoride in Dental Caries [Internet]. Dental Caries. IntechOpen; 2021; 91810: 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5772\/intechopen.91810.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.91810"},{"issue":"2","key":"4620_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric16020021","volume":"16","author":"AP Pontigo-Loyola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pontigo-Loyola AP, Mendoza-Rodriguez M, de la Rosa-Santillana R, Rivera-Pacheco MG, Islas-Granillo H, Casanova-Rosado JF, M\u00e1rquez-Corona MD, Navarrete-Hern\u00e1ndez JD, Medina-Sol\u00eds CE, Manton DJ. Control of Dental Caries in Children and adolescents using fluoride: an overview of community-level fluoridation methods. Pediatr Rep. 2024;16(2):243\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pediatric16020021.","journal-title":"Pediatr Rep"},{"key":"4620_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2023.1180405","volume":"4:1180405","author":"TC Ng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ng TC, Chu CH, Yu OY. A concise review of dental sealants in caries management. Front Oral Health. 2023;4:1180405:1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/froh.2023.1180405.","journal-title":"Front Oral Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4620_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_164_21","volume":"12","author":"J ALHumaid","year":"2022","unstructured":"ALHumaid J, Bamashmous M. Meta-analysis on the effectiveness of xylitol in caries prevention. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent. 2022;12(2):133\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jispcd.JISPCD_164_21.","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"issue":"3","key":"4620_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.identj.2022.01.005","volume":"72","author":"FP Deus","year":"2022","unstructured":"Deus FP, Ouanounou A. Chlorhexidine in dentistry: pharmacology, uses, and adverse effects. Int Dent J. 2022;72(3):269\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.identj.2022.01.005.","journal-title":"Int Dent J"},{"issue":"1","key":"4620_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00488-7","volume":"10","author":"SC Luo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Luo SC, Wei SM, Luo XT, Yang QQ, Wong KH, Cheung PC, Zhang BB. How probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics prevent dental caries: an oral microbiota perspective. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2024;10(1):14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-024-00488-7.","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"issue":"7","key":"4620_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1039\/c9md00015a","volume":"10","author":"AM Scharnow","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scharnow AM, Solinski AE, Wuest WM, Targeting S. Mutans biofilms: a perspective on preventing dental caries. Medchemcomm. 2019;10(7):1057\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c9md00015a.","journal-title":"Medchemcomm"},{"issue":"1","key":"4620_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-021-00137-1","volume":"13","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Ma Q, Wang Y, Wu H, Zou J. Molecular mechanisms of inhibiting glucosyltransferases for biofilm formation in Streptococcus mutans. Int J Oral Sci. 2021;13(1):30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41368-021-00137-1.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"4620_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3024","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01649-09","volume":"192","author":"H Koo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Koo H, Xiao J, Klein MI, Jeon JG. Exopolysaccharides produced by Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferases modulate the establishment of microcolonies within multispecies biofilms. J Bacteriol. 2010;192(12):3024\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.01649-09.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"4620_CR13","first-page":"196","volume":"7","author":"M Pourhajibagher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A. Is antimicrobial agents can considered as effective weapons against endodontic infections by Enterococcus faecalis. Der Pharma Chem. 2015;7:196\u2013200.","journal-title":"Der Pharma Chem"},{"key":"4620_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01299","volume":"9","author":"X Hu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hu X, Huang YY, Wang Y, Wang X, Hamblin MR. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to control clinically relevant Biofilm infections. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:1299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01299.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4620_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2247","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021","volume":"12","author":"WC Martins Antunes de Melo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martins Antunes de Melo WC, Celie\u0161i\u016bt\u0117-Germanien\u0117 R, \u0160imonis P, Stirk\u0117 A. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) for biofilm treatments. Possible synergy between aPDT and pulsed electric fields. Virulence. 2021;12(1):2247\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/21505594.2021.","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"4620_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192955","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1192955","volume":"14","author":"Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li Y, Sun G, Xie J, Xiao S, Lin C. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against oral biofilm: influencing factors, mechanisms, and combined actions with other strategies. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1192955. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1192955.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"4620_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmicr.2022","volume":"3","author":"N Farah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farah N, Chin VK, Chong PP, Lim WF, Lim CW, Basir R, et al. Riboflavin as a promising antimicrobial agent? A multi-perspective review. Curr Res Microb Sci. 2022;3:100111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crmicr.2022.","journal-title":"Curr Res Microb Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4620_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041192","volume":"27","author":"TP Kubrak","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kubrak TP, Ko\u0142odziej P, Sawicki J, Mazur A, Koziorowska K, Aebisher D. Some natural photosensitizers and their Medicinal properties for Use in Photodynamic Therapy. Molecules. 2022;27(4):1192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27041192.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"4620_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102232","volume":"34","author":"MA Kamran","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kamran MA, Qasim M, Udeabor SE, Hameed MS, Mannakandath ML, Alshahrani I. Impact of riboflavin mediated photodynamic disinfection around fixed orthodontic system infected with oral bacteria. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;34:102232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102232.","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"4620_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103124","volume":"40","author":"P Comeau","year":"2022","unstructured":"Comeau P, Burgess J, Qomi NR, Lee A, Manso A. The antimicrobial, physical, and chemical properties of a riboflavin-loaded dental resin intended for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2022;40:103124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.103124.","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"5","key":"4620_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0247096","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247096","volume":"16","author":"PD Motta","year":"2021","unstructured":"Motta PD, Motta LJ, Costa da Mota AC, Leal Goncalves ML, Silva T, Momolli M, de Andrade DC, Santos Fernandes KP, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Deana AM, Wainwright M. Comparative study between photodynamic therapy with urucum\u2009+\u2009Led and probiotics in halitosis reduction\u2013protocol for a controlled clinical trial. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(5):e0247096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247096.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"4620_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03727-1","volume":"25","author":"M Patyna","year":"2021","unstructured":"Patyna M, Ehlers V, Bahlmann B, Kasaj A. Effects of adjunctive light-activated disinfection and probiotics on clinical and microbiological parameters in periodontal treatment: a randomized, controlled, clinical pilot study. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(6):3967\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00784-020-03727-1.","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"4620_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.036","volume":"158","author":"MR Ronqui","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ronqui MR, de Aguiar TM, De Freitas LM, Miranda ET, Fontana CR. Synergistic antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy and ciprofloxacin. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2016;158:122\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.02.036.","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"issue":"1","key":"4620_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01435-0","volume":"21","author":"SD Astuti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Astuti SD, Utomo IB, Setiawatie EM, Khasanah M, Purnobasuki H, Arifianto D, Alamsyah KA. Combination effect of laser diode for photodynamic therapy with doxycycline on a wistar rat model of periodontitis. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1):80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-021-01435-0.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"4620_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mirfasihi A, Afzali BM, Zadeh HE, Sanjari K, Mir M. Effect of a combination of photodynamic therapy and chitosan on Streptococcus mutans (an in vitro study). J Lasers Med Sci 2020 Fall;11(4):405\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34172\/jlms.2020.64.","DOI":"10.34172\/jlms.2020.64"},{"key":"4620_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102283","volume":"34","author":"GS de Paula","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Paula GS, Oliveira MC, Sales LS, Boriollo M, Rodrigues LK, Nobre-dos-Santos M, Steiner-Oliveira C. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy mediated by methylene blue coupled to \u03b2-cyclodextrin reduces early colonizing microorganisms from the oral biofilm. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;34:102283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102283.","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"19","key":"4620_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11373","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911373","volume":"23","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, Du J, Huang S, Wang S, Wang Y, Lei L, Zhang C, Huang X. Antimicrobial photodynamic effect of cross-kingdom microorganisms with toluidine blue O and potassium iodide. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(19):11373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms231911373.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4620_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2023.07.002","volume":"18","author":"Y Jao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jao Y, Ding SJ, Chen CC. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral infections: a systematic review. J Dent Sci. 2023;18(4):1453\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jds.2023.07.002.","journal-title":"J Dent Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"4620_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00628-4","volume":"19","author":"S Salminen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, Hill C, Lebeer S, Quigley EMM, Sanders ME, Shamir R, Swann JR, Szajewska H, Vinderola G. Author correction: the International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(8):551. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-022-00628-4.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"4620_CR30","first-page":"257","volume-title":"The human microbiome in early life","author":"MC Collado","year":"2021","unstructured":"Collado MC, Salminen S, Vinderola G. Chapter 11-Postbiotics: defining the impact of inactivated microbes and their metabolites on promotion of health. In: Koren O, Rautava S, editors. The human microbiome in early life. Cambridge, MA, USA: Academic; 2021. pp. 257\u201368."},{"issue":"8","key":"4620_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11081077","volume":"11","author":"G Vinderola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vinderola G, Sanders ME, Salminen S. The Concept of Postbiotics. Foods. 2022;11(8):1077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods11081077.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"2","key":"4620_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.53854\/liim-3002-3","volume":"30","author":"MA Ozma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ozma MA, Abbasi A, Akrami S, Lahouty M, Shahbazi N, Ganbarov K, et al. Postbiotics as the key mediators of the gut microbiota-host interactions. Infez Med. 2022;30(2):180\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.53854\/liim-3002-3.","journal-title":"Infez Med"},{"key":"4620_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002213","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1002213","volume":"9","author":"G Vinderola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vinderola G, Sanders ME, Salminen S, Szajewska H, Postbiotics. The concept and their use in healthy populations. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1002213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.1002213.","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"9","key":"4620_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","volume":"18","author":"S Salminen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salminen S, Collado MC, Endo A, Hill C, Lebeer S, Quigley EMM, et al. The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;18(9):649\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4620_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2805088","volume":"28","author":"M Banakar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banakar M, Pourhajibagher M, Etemad-Moghadam S, Mehran M, Yazdi MH, Haghgoo R, et al. Antimicrobial effects of Postbiotic mediators derived from Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus reuteri on Streptococcus mutans. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2023;28(5):88. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31083\/j.fbl2805088.","journal-title":"Front Biosci (Landmark Ed)"},{"key":"4620_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105390","volume":"164","author":"E OmerOglou","year":"2022","unstructured":"OmerOglou E, Karaca B, Kibar H, Haliscelik O, Kiran F. The role of microbiota-derived postbiotic mediators on biofilm formation and quorum sensing-mediated virulence of Streptococcus mutans: a perspective on preventing dental caries. Microb Pathog. 2022;164:105390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105390.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"4620_CR37","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"R Abdullah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdullah R. Determination of Water-Soluble vitamins (B group: B1, B2, and B6) by RP-HPLC. Chem Mater. 2016;8:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Chem Mater"},{"key":"4620_CR38","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-second informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S22","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2019","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; twenty-second informational supplement. CLSI document M100-S22. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2019."},{"key":"4620_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102288","volume":"34","author":"M Pourhajibagher","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pourhajibagher M, Rahimi-Esboei B, Ahmadi H, Bahador A. The anti-biofilm capability of nano-emodin-mediated sonodynamic therapy on multi-species biofilms produced by burn wound bacterial strains. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2021;34:102288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2021.102288.","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"key":"4620_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.02.004","volume":"181","author":"E Gholibegloo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gholibegloo E, Karbasi A, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N, Ramazani A, Akbari T, et al. Carnosine-graphene oxide conjugates decorated with hydroxyapatite as promising nanocarrier for ICG loading with enhanced antibacterial effects in photodynamic therapy against Streptococcus mutans. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2018;181:14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.02.004.","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"4620_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0473-0_48","volume":"1149","author":"BM Coffey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Coffey BM, Anderson GG. Biofilm formation in the 96-well microtiter plate. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1149:631\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-0473-0_48.","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"4620_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.10.025","volume":"20","author":"MA Nemezio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nemezio MA, de Souza Farias SS, Borsatto MC, Aires CP, Corona SAM. Effect of methylene blue-induced photodynamic therapy on a Streptococcus mutans biofilm model. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther. 2017;20:234\u20137.","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"4620_CR43","first-page":"732","volume":"38","author":"AA Miles","year":"1938","unstructured":"Miles AA, Misra SS, Irwin JO. The estimation of the bactericidal power of the blood. J Hyg (Lond). 1938;38(6):732\u201349.","journal-title":"J Hyg (Lond)"},{"issue":"4","key":"4620_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2009\u2013 \u2206\u2206CT method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402\u20138.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"4620_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14516","volume":"30","author":"N Jain","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jain N, Dutt U, Radenkov I, Jain S. WHO\u2019s global oral health status report 2022: actions, discussion and implementation. Oral Dis. 2024;30(2):73\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.14516.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"4620_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crmicr.2022.100111","volume":"3","author":"N Farah","year":"2022","unstructured":"Farah N, Chin VK, Chong PP, Lim WF, Lim CW, Basir R, Chang SK, Lee TY. Riboflavin as a promising antimicrobial agent? A multi-perspective review. Curr Res Microb Sci. 2022;3:100111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crmicr.2022.100111.","journal-title":"Curr Res Microb Sci"},{"key":"4620_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.030","volume":"153","author":"AV Juarez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Juarez AV, Sosa Ldel V, De Paul AL, Costa AP, Farina M, Leal RB, Torres AI, Pons P. Riboflavin acetate induces apoptosis in squamous carcinoma cells after photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2015;153:445\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2015.10.030.","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"key":"4620_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.014","volume":"173","author":"MY Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang MY, Chang CJ, Chen LY. Blue light induced reactive oxygen species from flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide on lethality of HeLa cells. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2017;173:325\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.06.014.","journal-title":"J Photochem Photobiol B"},{"issue":"1","key":"4620_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9679","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46115-w","volume":"9","author":"RA Akasov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akasov RA, Sholina NV, Khochenkov DA, Alova AV, Gorelkin PV, Erofeev AS, Generalova AN, Khaydukov EV. Photodynamic therapy of melanoma by blue-light photoactivation of flavin mononucleotide. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):9679. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-46115-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"4620_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/aej.12565","volume":"48","author":"M Moradi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moradi M, Fazlyab M, Pourhajibagher M, Chiniforush N. Antimicrobial action of photodynamic therapy on Enterococcus faecalis biofilm using curing light, curcumin and riboflavin. Aust Endod J. 2022;48(2):274\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aej.12565.","journal-title":"Aust Endod J"},{"key":"4620_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.003","volume":"6","author":"S Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan S, P MR, Rizvi A, Alam MM, Rizvi M, Naseem I. ROS mediated antibacterial activity of photoilluminated riboflavin: a photodynamic mechanism against nosocomial infections. Toxicol Rep. 2019;6:136\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2019.01.003.","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"4620_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mohamad SA, Megson IL, Kean AH. Blue light photoinhibition of Streptococcus mutans: potential chromophores and mechanisms. Lasers Dent Sci 2023 Nov 1:1\u20131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s41547-023-00204-2.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41547-023-00204-2"},{"key":"4620_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/omi.12330","volume":"36","author":"KH Ishikawa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ishikawa KH, Bueno MR, Kawamoto D, Simionato MR, Mayer MP. Lactobacilli postbiotics reduce biofilm formation and alter transcription of virulence genes of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Mol Oral Microbiol. 2021;36:92\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/omi.12330.","journal-title":"Mol Oral Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4620_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13854","volume":"28","author":"CW Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin CW, Chen YT, Ho HH, Hsieh PS, Kuo YW, Lin JH, Liu CR, Huang YF, Chen CW, Hsu CH, Lin WY, Yang SF. Lozenges with probiotic strains enhance oral immune response and health. Oral Dis. 2022;28(6):1723\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/odi.13854.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"4620_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203923","volume":"14","author":"CW Lin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lin CW, Chen YT, Ho HH, Kuo YW, Lin WY, Chen JF, Lin JH, Liu CR, Lin CH, Yeh YT, Chen CW, Huang YF, Hsu CH, Hsieh PS, Yang SF. Impact of the food grade heat-killed probiotic and postbiotic oral lozenges in oral hygiene. Aging. 2022;14(5):2221\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/aging.203923.","journal-title":"Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"4620_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0134","volume":"139","author":"LC McCoy","year":"2008","unstructured":"McCoy LC, Wehler CJ, Rich SE, Garcia RI, Miller DR, Jones JA. Adverse events associated with chlorhexidine use: results from the Department of Veterans affairs Dental Diabetes Study. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(2):178\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14219\/jada.archive.2008.0134.","journal-title":"J Am Dent Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"4620_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.028","volume":"162","author":"E Ortega Morente","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ortega Morente E, Fern\u00e1ndez-Fuentes MA, Grande Burgos MJ, Abriouel H, P\u00e9rez Pulido R, G\u00e1lvez A. Biocide tolerance in bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol. 2013;162(1):13\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.028.","journal-title":"Int J Food Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4620_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018","volume":"94","author":"G Kampf","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kampf G. Acquired resistance to chlorhexidine - is it time to establish an \u2018antiseptic stewardship\u2019 initiative? J Hosp Infect. 2016;94(3):213\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhin.2016.08.018.","journal-title":"J Hosp Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"4620_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002623","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002623","volume":"8","author":"J Xiao","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xiao J, Klein MI, Falsetta ML, Lu B, Delahunty CM, Yates JR 3rd, et al. The exopolysaccharide matrix modulates the interaction between 3D architecture and virulence of a mixed-species oral biofilm. PLoS Pathog. 2012;8(4):e1002623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002623.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"4620_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-022-02544-8","volume":"22","author":"M Pourhajibagher","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pourhajibagher M, Alaeddini M, Etemad-Moghadam S, Rahimi Esboei B, Bahrami R, Miri Mousavi RS, et al. Quorum quenching of Streptococcus mutans via the nano-quercetin-based antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as a potential target for cariogenic biofilm. BMC Microbiol. 2022;22(1):125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12866-022-02544-8.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04620-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04620-z\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04620-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T09:09:46Z","timestamp":1721812186000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04620-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-04620-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 February 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 July 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Application No. IR.TUMS.BLC.1402.156), and all methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"836"}}