{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:59:30Z","timestamp":1773007170562,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Proximal caries datasets for training artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms commonly include clinician-annotated radiographs. These conventional annotations are susceptible to observer variability, and early caries may be missed. Micro-computed tomography (CT), while not feasible in clinical applications, offers a more accurate imaging modality to support the creation of a reference-standard dataset for caries annotations. Herein, we present the Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam\u2014Diagnostic Insights for Radiographic Early-caries with micro-CT (ACTA-DIRECT) dataset, which is the first dataset pairing dental radiographs and micro-CT scans to enable higher-quality annotations.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The ACTA-DIRECT dataset encompasses 179 paired micro-CT scans and radiographs of early proximal carious teeth, along with three types of annotations: conventional annotations on radiographs, micro-CT-assisted annotations on radiographs, and micro-CT annotations (reference standard). Three dentists independently annotated proximal caries on radiographs, both with and without micro-CT assistance, enabling determinations of interobserver agreement and diagnostic accuracy. To establish a reference standard, one dental radiologist annotated all caries on the related micro-CT scans.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Micro-CT support improved interobserver agreement (Cohen\u2019s Kappa), averaging 0.64 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59\u20130.68) versus 0.46 (95% CI: 0.44\u20130.48) in its absence. Likewise, average sensitivity and specificity increased from 42% (95% CI: 34\u201351%) to 63% (95% CI: 54\u201371%) and from 92% (95% CI: 88\u201395%) to 95% (95% CI: 92\u201397%), respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The ACTA-DIRECT dataset offers high-quality images and annotations to support AI-based early caries diagnostics for training and validation. This study underscores the benefits of incorporating micro-CT scans in lesion assessments, providing enhanced precision and reliability.\n<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05076-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T15:16:44Z","timestamp":1730301404000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Enhancement of early proximal caries annotations in radiographs: introducing the Diagnostic Insights for Radiographic Early-caries with micro-CT (ACTA-DIRECT) dataset"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ricardo E. 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The current storage method for extracted teeth in the ACTA Oral Radiology Department does not link the individual teeth back to their specific patient records, meaning that the data is in fact anonymized. Therefore, patient consent was not required by the ACTA IRB.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1325"}}