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Two surface imaging systems, 3dMDface and Bellus3D FaceApp, were used to perform two imaging operations on each labelled face. Subsequently, 32 inter-landmark facial measurements were directly measured on the labelled faces and digitally measured on the 3D facial images. Statistical comparisons were made between smartphone-generated 3D facial images (SGI), DA, and 3dMD measurements.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The SGI measurements were slightly higher than those from DA and 3dMD, but the mean differences between inter-landmark measurements were not statistically significant across all three methods. In terms of clinical acceptability, 16% and 59% of measures showed differences of\u2009\u2264\u20093\u00a0mm or\u2009\u2264\u20095\u00ba, with good agreement between DA and SGI and 3dMD and SGI, respectively. A small systematic bias of\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0mm was observed generally among the three methods. Additionally, the mean absolute difference between the DA and SGI methods was the highest for linear measurements (1.31\u2009\u00b1\u20090.34\u00a0mm) and angular measurements (4.11\u2009\u00b1\u20090.76\u00ba).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>SGI displayed fair trueness compared to DA and 3dMD. It exhibited high accuracy in the orolabial area and specific central and flat areas within the oronasal region. Notwithstanding this, it has limited clinical applicability for assessing the entire oronasal region of patients with CLP. From a clinical application perspective, SGI should accurately encompass the entire oronasal region for optimal clinical use.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Clinical relevance<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>SGI can be considered for macroscopic oronasal analysis or for patient education where accuracy within 3\u00a0mm and 5\u00ba may not be critical.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05280-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,19]],"date-time":"2024-12-19T17:51:29Z","timestamp":1734630689000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Smartphone-generated 3D facial images: reliable for routine assessment of the oronasal region of patients with cleft or mere convenience? 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