{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T08:51:14Z","timestamp":1771663874429,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005760","name":"University of Gothenburg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005760","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>How common it is with the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the healthy and diseased oral cavity is largely unknown for Africans. In this cross-sectional study we assessed the prevalence of oral HPV and the risk factors associated with HPV contraction including sexual practice in the urban and rural Zambian population.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Urban (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009188) and rural (<jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009211) Zambian adults aged 21 years and older living in Ndola and Mansa, respectively, were interviewed about demographical data, oral and coital sexual history and tobacco and alcohol use. Participants were orally examined and underwent a buccal swab test for 12 high-risk HPVs (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59) and two low-risk HPVs (HPV6 and 11) with real-time PCR.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Alcohol consumption was higher in urban participants than rural participants, i.e., 34.1% and 16.6%, respectively, consumed alcohol once a week or more (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). Ever-smokers constituted 38.8% of urban and 32.2% of rural participants (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.363). Engaging in orogenital sex was uncommon, however, more common in urban than rural participants (13.3% and 4.3%, respectively, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.003). Only three participants were positive for HPV (HPV16, 35, and 45, respectively).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Urban participants displayed higher sexual risk behaviour than rural participants. However, the prevalence of oral HPV infection in Zambia was low, which contrasts to the high incidence of cervical cancer reported for the country.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-05312-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T07:33:46Z","timestamp":1734852826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Oral human papillomavirus infections in Zambian Rural and Urban residents-a community cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Chrispinus Hakimu","family":"Mumena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Schifra","family":"Uwamungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6ran","family":"Kjeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bengt","family":"Hass\u00e9us","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5312_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirabello L, Clarke MA, Nelson CW, Dean M, Wentzensen N, Yeager M, Cullen M, Boland JF, Workshop NH, Schiffman M et al. The Intersection of HPV Epidemiology, Genomics and Mechanistic Studies of HPV-Mediated Carcinogenesis. Viruses 2018, 10(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/v10020080"},{"issue":"3","key":"5312_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660","volume":"71","author":"H Sung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray F. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71(3):209\u201349.","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"5312_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2023.105830","volume":"157","author":"M Cui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Cui M, Cheng J, Cheng H, Zhao M, Zhou D, Zhang M, Jia J, Luo L. Characteristics of human papillomavirus infection among oropharyngeal cancer patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Oral Biol. 2024;157:105830.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5312_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1482.151445","volume":"11","author":"GS Laskar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Laskar GS, Swain M. HPV positive oropharyngeal cancer and treatment deintensification: How pertinent is it? J Cancer Res Ther. 2015;11(1):4.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"5312_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.3390\/v15041005","volume":"15","author":"S Uwamungu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Uwamungu S, Nigussie B, Muvunyi CM, Hass\u00e9us B, Anderson M, Giglio D. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Different Mucous Membranes in HIV Concordant Couples in Rwanda. Viruses. 2023;15(4):15.","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"5312_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13510","volume":"27","author":"J Sundberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sundberg J, Ohman J, Korytowska M, Wallstrom M, Kjeller G, Andersson M, Horal P, Lindh M, Giglio D, Kovacs A, et al. High-risk human papillomavirus in patients with oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma-A multi-centre study in Sweden, Brazil and Romania. Oral Dis. 2021;27(2):183\u201392.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5312_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4103\/jomfp.JOMFP_248_16","volume":"21","author":"T Smitha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Smitha T, Mohan CV, Hemavathy S. Prevalence of human papillomavirus16 DNA and p16(INK4a) protein in oral squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. 2017;21(1):76\u201381.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Pathol"},{"key":"5312_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durrant FG, Gutierrez JA 3rd, Nguyen SA, Nathan CO, Newman JG. Sexual history of patients with human papillomavirus positive and negative oropharyngeal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Head Neck 2024.","DOI":"10.1002\/hed.27733"},{"issue":"4","key":"5312_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-23-1272","volume":"33","author":"G D\u2019Souza","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Souza G, Tewari SR, Troy T, Webster-Cyriaque J, Wiley DJ, Lahiri CD, Palella FJ, Gillison ML, Strickler HD, Struijk L, et al. Oncogenic Oral Human Papillomavirus Clearance Patterns over 10 Years. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2024;33(4):516\u201324.","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"5312_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uwamungu S, Nigussie B, Muvunyi CM, Hasseus B, Andersson M, Giglio D. Prevalence of Human Papillomavirus in Different Mucous Membranes in HIV Concordant Couples in Rwanda. Viruses 2023, 15(4).","DOI":"10.3390\/v15041005"},{"issue":"4","key":"5312_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2007.09.009","volume":"40","author":"M Lindh","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lindh M, Gorander S, Andersson E, Horal P, Mattsby-Balzer I, Ryd W. Real-time Taqman PCR targeting 14 human papilloma virus types. J Clin Virol. 2007;40(4):321\u20134.","journal-title":"J Clin Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5312_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0299963","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299963","volume":"19","author":"L Muchaili","year":"2024","unstructured":"Muchaili L, Simushi P, Mweene BC, Mwakyoma T, Masenga SK, Hamooya BM. Prevalence and correlates of Human Papillomavirus infection in females from Southern Province, Zambia: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 2024;19(8):e0299963.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"5312_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e197","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00501-0","volume":"11","author":"D Singh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Singh D, Vignat J, Lorenzoni V, Eslahi M, Ginsburg O, Lauby-Secretan B, Arbyn M, Basu P, Bray F, Vaccarella S. Global estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2020: a baseline analysis of the WHO Global Cervical Cancer Elimination Initiative. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(2):e197\u2013206.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5312_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0722-9","volume":"16","author":"IO Morhason-Bello","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morhason-Bello IO, Kabakama S, Baisley K, Francis SC, Watson-Jones D. Reported oral and anal sex among adolescents and adults reporting heterosexual sex in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Reprod Health. 2019;16(1):48.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5312_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12997","volume":"25","author":"A Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta A, Perkins RB, Ortega G, Feldman S, Villa A. Barrier use during oro-genital sex and oral Human Papillomavirus prevalence: Analysis of NHANES 2009\u20132014. Oral Dis. 2019;25(2):609\u201316.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"5312_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carels C, Florence M, Adams S, Savahl S. Alcohol Use as a Predictor of Risky Sexual Behaviour among Young Adults in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023, 20(22).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20227053"},{"issue":"4","key":"5312_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14170","volume":"40","author":"TK Eggersmann","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eggersmann TK, Baumeister P, Kumbrink J, Mayr D, Schmoeckel E, Thaler CJ, Dannecker C, Jeschke U, Nagler T, Mahner S, et al. Oropharyngeal HPV Detection Techniques in HPV-associated Head and Neck Cancer Patients. Anticancer Res. 2020;40(4):7.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"5312_CR18","first-page":"5","volume":"77","author":"BJ Gipson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gipson BJ, Robbins. HA FC, D\u2019Souza G. Sensitivity and specificity of oral HPV detection for HPV-positive head and neck cancer. J Oral Oncol. 2018;77:5.","journal-title":"J Oral Oncol"},{"issue":"8","key":"5312_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418755882","volume":"29","author":"A Chikandiwa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chikandiwa A, Pisa PT, Chersich MF, Muller EE, Mayaud P, Moretlwe DS. Oropharyngeal HPV infection: prevalence and sampling methods among HIV-infected men in South Africa. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;29(8):5.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"5312_CR20","first-page":"7","volume":"8","author":"CMA Avila","year":"2022","unstructured":"Avila CMA, P\u00e9rez CM, Oliver VJA, Toro DEC, Ortiz AP. Comparison of oral human papilloma virus detection methods among Hispanic adults. Clin Experimental Dent Res. 2022;8(1):7.","journal-title":"Clin Experimental Dent Res"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-05312-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-024-05312-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-024-05312-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T11:29:13Z","timestamp":1743506953000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-024-05312-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-024-05312-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 September 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 December 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was obtained from the Institution Review Board of the Tropical Disease Research Centre (TDRC; TRC\/C4\/08\/2023), Ndola, Zambia, followed by the recommendation from the National Health Research Authority (NHRA000011\/13\/07\/2021) in Zambia and the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (2021\u201302464). Informed consent was obtained from all the participants in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"DG has served on scientific advisory boards and scientific presentations for Merck, Roche and AstraZeneca.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"1. Professor David Ngassapa, Muhimbili University of Health Sciences and Allied Health, Tanzania, email: dngassapa@yahoo.com. 2. Professor Mohammed Razzaque, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA, email: mrazzaque@lecom.edu. 3. Professor Joakim Dillner, Center for Cervical Cancer Elimination, Department of CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, F46, S-14186, Stockholm, Sweden, email: Joakim.Dillner@ki.se. 4. Professor Gloria Sanchez, Grupo Infecci\u00f3n y C\u00e1ncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medell\u00edn, Colombia, email: gloria.sanchez@udea.edu.co. 5. Adriane Kamulegeya, PhD, School of Dentistry, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda, email: adrianek55@gmail.com. 6. Ola Forslund, Associate Professor, Division of Medical Microbiology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden, email: ola.forslund@med.lu.se.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"List of unbiased reviewers"}}],"article-number":"1540"}}