{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T23:32:34Z","timestamp":1784158354280,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002386","name":"Cairo University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002386","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Various inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediators, along with diverse cell types, are implicated in the development and progression of periapical lesions. This work aimed to assess the immuno-expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-\u03b21) and CD68 (a macrophage marker), elucidating their roles and potential correlations. Additionally, histological analysis was conducted to evaluate the intensity of inflammatory infiltrates in chronic periapical lesion samples.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Tissue samples from fifty individuals with chronic periapical lesions [25 radicular cysts (RCs) and 25 periapical granulomas (PGs)] were obtained, along with control samples from four healthy third molars\u2019 dental pulp. Histological examination and inflammatory infiltrate categorization were performed. Immunohistochemical analysis of TGF-\u03b21 and CD68 markers, along with morphometric assessment, were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The control group displayed normal, inflammation-free pulp tissues, while intense inflammation was observed in PGs and RCs (Score 4 and 3, respectively) dominated by macrophages, plasma cells, and lymphocytes. Immunohistochemistry showed higher TGF-\u03b21 and CD68 expression in PGs and RCs versus control (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Moreover, PGs exhibited greater TGF-\u03b21 and CD68 expression than RCs (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). However, a negative relationship was detected between the 2 markers (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study highlighted varying expressions of TGF-\u03b21 and CD68 in PGs and RCs, indicating their potential roles in lesion pathology. However, a negative correlation between these markers was observed. Accordingly, their precise role in periapical lesion progression and repair requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05845-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T06:00:37Z","timestamp":1744351237000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of human periapical lesions: a study of TGF-\u03b21 and CD68 markers"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2962-0070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nermeen","family":"AbuBakr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2273-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geraldine M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3562-1099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amany Hany Mohamed","family":"Kamel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5845_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2020.42714","volume":"5","author":"K Karamifar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karamifar K, Tondari A, Saghiri MA. Endodontic periapical lesion: an overview on the etiology, diagnosis and current treatment modalities. Eur Endod J. 2020;5(2):54\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14744\/eej.2020.42714.","journal-title":"Eur Endod J"},{"key":"5845_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dessaune N, Porpino MT, Antunes HD, Rodrigues RC, Perez AR, Pires FR et al. Pro-inflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokine expression in post-treatment apical periodontitis. J Appl Oral Sci. 2018; 26:e20170455. doi.10.1590\/1678-7757-2017-0455.","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-7757-2017-0455"},{"issue":"3","key":"5845_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1080\/00016357.2018.1521005","volume":"77","author":"PH Braz-Silva","year":"2019","unstructured":"Braz-Silva PH, Bergamini ML, Mardegan AP, De Rosa CS, Hasseus B, Jonasson P. Inflammatory profile of chronic apical periodontitis: a literature review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2019;77(3):173\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00016357.2018.1521005.","journal-title":"Acta Odontol Scand"},{"issue":"1","key":"5845_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2004.00097.x","volume":"8","author":"D Ricucci","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ricucci D, Bergenholtz G. Histologic features of apical periodontitis in human biopsies. Endod Top. 2005;8(1):68\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1601-1546.2004.00097.x.","journal-title":"Endod Top"},{"key":"5845_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.02.028","volume":"38","author":"T Koivisto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Koivisto T, Bowles WR, Rohrer M. Frequency and distribution of radiolucent jaw lesions: a retrospective analysis of 9,723 cases. J Endod. 2012;38:729\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2012.02.028.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"5845_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130401500604","volume":"15","author":"PN Nair","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nair PN. Pathogenesis of apical periodontitis and the causes of endodontic failures. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med. 2004;15:348\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/154411130401500604.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5845_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520952341","volume":"100","author":"F Cavalla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cavalla F, Letra A, Silva RM, Garlet GP. Determinants of periodontal\/periapical lesion stability and progression. J Dent Res. 2021;100(1):29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034520952341.","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"5845_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14125","volume":"57","author":"YH Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wen YH, Lin YX, Zhou L, Lin C, Zhang L. The immune landscape in apical periodontitis: from mechanism to therapy. Int Endod J. 2024;57(11):1526\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.14125.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"4","key":"5845_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.5037\/jomr.2011.2401","volume":"2","author":"I Graunaite","year":"2012","unstructured":"Graunaite I, Lodiene G, Maciulskiene V. Pathogenesis of apical periodontitis: a literature review. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2012;2(4):e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5037\/jomr.2011.2401.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Res"},{"key":"5845_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0051","volume":"31","author":"PR Alvares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Alvares PR, Arruda JA, Silva LP, Nascimento GJ, Silveira MF, Sobral AP. Immunohistochemical expression of TGF-b1 and MMP-9 in periapical lesions. Braz Oral Res. 2017;31:e51. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2017.vol31.0051.","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"5845_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a021873","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a021873","volume":"8","author":"M Morikawa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Morikawa M, Derynck R, Miyazono K. TGF-\u03b2 and the TGF-\u03b2 family: Context-Dependent roles in cell and tissue physiology. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2016;8(5):a021873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a021873.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5845_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01764-w","volume":"9","author":"Z Deng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng Z, Fan T, Xiao C, Tian H, Zheng Y, Li C, et al. TGF-\u03b2 signaling in health, disease, and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2024;9(1):61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-024-01764-w.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"5845_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li B, Li W, Liao Y, Weng Z, Chen Y, Ouchi T, et al. Multi-omics approach reveals TGF-\u03b2 signaling-driven senescence in periodontium stem cells. J Adv Res. 2024;1232(24):00617\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2024.12.037. S2090-.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2024.12.037"},{"issue":"7","key":"5845_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2009.00788.x","volume":"38","author":"D Gazivoda","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gazivoda D, Dzopalic T, Bozic B, Tatomirovic Z, Brkic Z, Colic M. Production of Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines by inflammatory cells from periapical lesions in culture. J Oral Pathol Med. 2009;38(7):605\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2009.00788.x.","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5845_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2004.00739.x","volume":"37","author":"A Piattelli","year":"2004","unstructured":"Piattelli A, Rubini C, Fioroni M, Favero L, Strocchi R. Expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in odontogenic cysts. Int Endod J. 2004;37(1):7\u201311. 0.1111\/j.1365-2591.2004.00739.x.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"6","key":"5845_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.03.020","volume":"36","author":"JR Mar\u00e7al","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mar\u00e7al JR, Samuel RO, Fernandes D, Araujo MS, Napimoga MH, Pereira SA, et al. T-helper cell type 17\/regulatory T-cell immunoregulatory balance in human radicular cysts and periapical granulomas. J Endod. 2010;36(6):995\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2010.03.020.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"3","key":"5845_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2009.00863.x","volume":"39","author":"TB Teixeira-Salum","year":"2010","unstructured":"Teixeira-Salum TB, Rodrigues DB, Gerv\u00e1sio AM, Souza CJ, Rodrigues Junior V, Loyola AM. Distinct Th1, Th2 and Treg cytokines balance in chronic periapical granulomas and radicular cysts. J Oral Pathol Med. 2010;39(3):250\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2009.00863.x.","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"5845_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2017.02.020","volume":"43","author":"LTC Cassanta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cassanta LTC, Rodrigues V, Violatti-Filho JR, Neto BA, Tavares VM, Bernal EC, et al. Modulation of matrix metalloproteinase 14, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 4, and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the development of periapical lesions. J Endod. 2017;43(7):1122\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2017.02.020.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"3","key":"5845_CR19","first-page":"811","volume":"59","author":"AC B\u0103nic\u0103","year":"2018","unstructured":"B\u0103nic\u0103 AC, Popescu SM, Mercu\u0163 V, Busuioc CJ, Gheorghe AG, Tra\u015fc\u0103 DM, et al. Histological and immunohistochemical study on the apical granuloma. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2018;59(3):811\u20137.","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"5845_CR20","first-page":"411","volume":"63","author":"G D\u2019addazio","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u2019addazio G, Artese L, Piccirilli M, Perfetti G. Role of matrix metalloproteinases in radicular cysts and periapical granulomas. Minerva Stomatol. 2014;63(11\u201312):411\u201320.","journal-title":"Minerva Stomatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5845_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2016.116","volume":"97","author":"DA Chistiakov","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chistiakov DA, Killingsworth MC, Myasoedova VA, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. CD68\/macrosialin: not just a histochemical marker. Lab Invest. 2017;97(1):4\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/labinvest.2016.116.","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"5845_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474466","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1474466","volume":"15","author":"S Pohl","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pohl S, Akamp T, Smeda M, Uderhardt S, Besold D, Krastl G, et al. Understanding dental pulp inflammation: from signaling to structure. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1474466. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1474466.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"5845_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64041-0","volume":"10","author":"MM Delfino","year":"2020","unstructured":"Delfino MM, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M, Sasso-Cerri E, Cerri PS. Immunoinflammatory response and bioactive potential of guttaflow bioseal and MTA fillapex in the rat subcutaneous tissue. Sci Rep. 2020;10:7173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-64041-0.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"5845_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.12.018","volume":"43","author":"LTA Cintra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cintra LTA, Benetti F, de Azevedo Queiroz \u00cdO, de Ara\u00fajo Lopes JM, Penha de Oliveira SH, Sivieri Ara\u00fajo G, et al. Cytotoxicity, biocompatibility, and biomineralization of the new High-plasticity MTA material. J Endod. 2017;43(5):774\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2016.12.018.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"issue":"11","key":"5845_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.07.013","volume":"39","author":"L Zhu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zhu L, Yang J, Zhang J, Peng B. The presence of autophagy in human periapical lesions. J Endod. 2013;39(11):1379\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2013.07.013.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"5845_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0586-3","volume":"18","author":"NY Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang NY, Zhou Y, Zhao HY, Liu XY, Sun Z, Shang JJ. Increased Interleukin 1\u03b1 and Interleukin 1\u03b2 expression is involved in the progression of periapical lesions in primary teeth. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18:124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-018-0586-3.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"5845_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35310716622","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v10i7.16622","volume":"10","author":"ZB de Farias","year":"2021","unstructured":"de Farias ZB, Cavalcante JS, de Lima AC, de Souza Andrade ES, da Silveira MM, Sobral AP. Immunohistochemical expression of macrophages in chronic periapical lesions. Res Soc Dev. 2021;10(7):e35310716622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33448\/rsd-v10i7.16622.","journal-title":"Res Soc Dev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5845_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/s1079-2104(96)80156-9","volume":"81","author":"PR Nair","year":"1996","unstructured":"Nair PR, Pajarola G, Schroeder HE. Types and incidence of human periapical lesions obtained with extracted teeth. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 1996;81(1):93\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1079-2104(96)80156-9.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"11","key":"5845_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2004.00830.x","volume":"37","author":"FV Vier","year":"2004","unstructured":"Vier FV, Figueiredo JA. Internal apical resorption and its correlation with the type of apical lesion. Int Endod J. 2004;37(11):730\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2004.00830.x.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"5","key":"5845_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12638","volume":"50","author":"AL Andrade","year":"2017","unstructured":"Andrade AL, Santos EM, Carmo AF, Freitas RA, Galv\u00e3o HC. Analysis of tryptase-positive mast cells and Immunoexpression of MMP-9 and MMP-13 in periapical lesions. Int Endod J. 2017;50(5):446\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.12638.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"5845_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e047","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0047","volume":"33","author":"GM Fran\u00e7a","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7a GM, Carmo AFD, Costa H, Andrade ALDL, Lima KC, Galv\u00e3o HC. Macrophages subpopulations in chronic periapical lesions according to clinical and morphological aspects. Braz Oral Res. 2019;33:e047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2019.vol33.0047.","journal-title":"Braz Oral Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"5845_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.14744\/eej.2022.26918","volume":"8","author":"NR Osorio","year":"2023","unstructured":"Osorio NR, Caviedes-Bucheli J, Mosquera-Guevara L, Adames-Martinez JS, Gomez-Pinto D, Jimenez-Jimenez K, et al. The paradigm of the inflammatory radicular cyst: biological aspects to be considered. Eur Endod J. 2023;8(1):20\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14744\/eej.2022.26918.","journal-title":"Eur Endod J"},{"issue":"12","key":"5845_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1829","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.14138","volume":"57","author":"S Visarnta","year":"2024","unstructured":"Visarnta S, Ratisoontorn C, Panichuttra A, Sinpitaksakul P, Chantarangsu S, Dhanuthai K. Macrophage polarization in human periapical lesions in relation to histopathological diagnosis, clinical features and lesion volume: an ex vivo study. Int Endod J. 2024;57(12):1829\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/iej.14138.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"4","key":"5845_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2000.108958","volume":"90","author":"J Danin","year":"2000","unstructured":"Danin J, Linder LE, Lundqvist G, Andersson L. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta1 in chronic periapical lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2000;90(4):514\u20137.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"3","key":"5845_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190103","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190103","volume":"217","author":"N Frangogiannis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frangogiannis N. Transforming growth factor-\u03b2 in tissue fibrosis. J Exp Med. 2020;217(3):e20190103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20190103.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"5845_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li X, Han X, Yu W, Chen X, Wu Y, Lu L. Correlation between transforming growth Factor-\u03b2 and periapical lesions in patients with chronic apical periodontitis. J Healthc Eng. 2022;2022(2173434). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/2173434.","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2173434"},{"issue":"4","key":"5845_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a022293","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022293","volume":"10","author":"KK Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim KK, Sheppard D, Chapman HA. TGF-\u03b21 signaling and tissue fibrosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2018;10(4):a022293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a022293.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5845_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-9657.2000.016001001.x","volume":"16","author":"Z Metzger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Metzger Z. Macrophages in periapical lesions. Endod Dent Traumatol. 2000;16(1):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-9657.2000.016001001.x.","journal-title":"Endod Dent Traumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5845_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2001.116813","volume":"92","author":"CO Rodini","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rodini CO, Lara VS. Study of the expression of CD68\u2009+\u2009macrophages and CD8\u2009+\u2009T cells in human granulomas and periapical cysts. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2001;92(2):221\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1067\/moe.2001.116813.","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"6","key":"5845_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2001.00722.x","volume":"7","author":"T Suzuki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Suzuki T, Kumamoto H, Ooya K, Motegi K. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD1a-labeled Langerhans cells in human dental periapical inflammatory lesions\u2013correlation with inflammatory cells and epithelial cells. Oral Dis. 2001;7(6):336\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1601-0825.2001.00722.x.","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"5845_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.09.037","volume":"40","author":"IV Bracks","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bracks IV, Armada L, Goncalves LS, Pires FR. Distribution of mast cells and macrophages and expression of interleukin-6 in periapical cysts. J Endod. 2014;40:63\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joen.2013.09.037.","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"5845_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-417028-5.00006-5","volume":"120","author":"M Locati","year":"2013","unstructured":"Locati M, Mantovani A, Sica A. Macrophage activation and polarization as an adaptive component of innate immunity. Adv Immunol. 2013;120:163\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-417028-5.00006-5.","journal-title":"Adv Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"5845_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4133","volume":"229","author":"A Mantovani","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mantovani A, Biswas SK, Galdiero MR, Sica A, Locati M. Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling. J Pathol. 2013;229(2):176\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/path.4133.","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"5845_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2003.00627.x","volume":"36","author":"S Liapatas","year":"2003","unstructured":"Liapatas S, Nakou M, Rontogianni D. Inflammatory infiltrate of chronic periradicular lesions: an immunohistochemical study. Int Endod J. 2003;36(7):464\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2003.00627.x.","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"issue":"9","key":"5845_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.53758","volume":"9","author":"SV Azeredo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Azeredo SV, Brasil SC, Antunes H, Marques FV, Pires FR, Armada L. Distribution of macrophages and plasma cells in apical periodontitis and their relationship with clinical and image data. J Clin Exp Dent. 2017;9(9):e1060\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4317\/jced.53758.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"5845_CR46","first-page":"115","volume":"12","author":"AO Akinyamoju","year":"2014","unstructured":"Akinyamoju AO, Gbadebo SO, Adeyemi BF. Periapical lesions of the jaws: a review of 104 cases in Ibadan. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2014;12(2):115\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Ib Postgrad Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"5845_CR47","first-page":"e20374","volume":"17","author":"S Jamshidi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jamshidi S, Shojaei S, Roshanaei G, Modabbernia S, Bakhtiary E. Jaw intraosseous lesions biopsied extracted from 1998 to 2010 in an Iranian population. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015;17(6):e20374.","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"issue":"04","key":"5845_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1759489","volume":"17","author":"D Banomyong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Banomyong D, Arayasantiparb R, Sirakulwat K, Kasemsuwan J, Chirarom N, Laopan N, et al. Association between clinical\/radiographic characteristics and histopathological diagnoses of periapical granuloma and cyst. Eur J Dent. 2023;17(04):1241\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-0042-1759489.","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"issue":"1","key":"5845_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.01.011","volume":"47","author":"M Coli\u0107","year":"2009","unstructured":"Coli\u0107 M, Gazivoda D, Vucevi\u0107 D, Vasiliji\u0107 S, Rudolf R, Luki\u0107 A. Proinflammatory and immunoregulatory mechanisms in periapical lesions. Mol Immunol. 2009;47(1):101\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2009.01.011.","journal-title":"Mol Immunol"},{"key":"5845_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liang ZZ, Li J, Huang SG. Transforming growth factor beta-1 expression in macrophages of human chronic periapical diseases. Genet Mol Res. 2017;16(1). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4238\/gmr16019329.","DOI":"10.4238\/gmr16019329"},{"issue":"15","key":"5845_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/s1286-4579(99)00257-9","volume":"1","author":"GS Ashcroft","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ashcroft GS. Bidirectional regulation of macrophage function by TGF-beta. Microbes Infect. 1999;1(15):1275\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1286-4579(99)00257-9.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05845-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05845-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05845-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T06:00:41Z","timestamp":1744351241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05845-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05845-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Ethical approval for this study was granted by the Institutional Ethical Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University (Approval no. 16\/10\/21), in line with the guidelines set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was acquired from all participating patients before sample collection, following a thorough explanation of the study\u2019s goals, procedures, and any potential discomforts and risks.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}}],"article-number":"526"}}