{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T11:16:01Z","timestamp":1790853361204,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05863-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T07:00:42Z","timestamp":1744354842000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Chemical, optical, and morphological properties of TPU and PET-G samples after aging in artificial saliva: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Staderini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Chiusolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Papi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Palone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Cordaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"5863_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2010.08.001","volume":"138","author":"DK Walton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Walton DK, Fields HW, Johnston WM, Rosenstiel SF, Firestone AR, Christensen JC. Orthodontic appliance preferences of children and adolescents. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2010;138(6):698.e1-698.e12.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"2","key":"5863_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.2478\/aoj-2022-0025","volume":"38","author":"C Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shi C, Feng Y, Hsiao YC, Smith J, Jin C, Farella M, et al. Clear aligners brands and marketing claims: an overview of available information on the web. Australasian Orthodontic J. 2022;38(2):252\u201362.","journal-title":"Australasian Orthodontic J"},{"issue":"6","key":"5863_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2011-120","volume":"30","author":"N Zhang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhang N, Bai Y, Ding X, Zhang Y. Preparation and characterization of thermoplastic materials for invisible orthodontics. Dent Mater J. 2011;30(6):954\u20139.","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"key":"5863_CR4","first-page":"384","volume":"22","author":"YM Bichu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bichu YM, Alwafi A, Liu X, Andrews J, Ludwig B, Bichu AY, et al. Advances in orthodontic clear aligner materials. Bioact Mater. 2023;22:384\u2013403.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"issue":"6","key":"5863_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1007\/s00056-019-00192-8","volume":"80","author":"BA Ihssen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ihssen BA, Willmann JH, Nimer A, Drescher D. Effect of in vitro aging by water immersion and thermocycling on the mechanical properties of PETG aligner material. J Orofac Orthop. 2019;80(6):292\u2013303.","journal-title":"J Orofac Orthop"},{"issue":"4","key":"5863_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2004.09.015","volume":"127","author":"T Eliades","year":"2005","unstructured":"Eliades T, Bourauel C. Intraoral aging of orthodontic materials: the picture we miss and its clinical relevance. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2005;127(4):403\u201312.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"12","key":"5863_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.2005.01509.x","volume":"32","author":"D BARCLAY CW, SPENCE","year":"2005","unstructured":"BARCLAY CW, SPENCE D, LAIRD WRE. Intra-oral temperatures during function. J Oral Rehabil. 2005;32(12):886\u201394.","journal-title":"J Oral Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"5863_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2319\/113015-813.1","volume":"87","author":"L Lombardo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lombardo L, Martines E, Mazzanti V, Arreghini A, Mollica F, Siciliani G. Stress relaxation properties of four orthodontic aligner materials: A 24-hour in vitro study. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(1):11\u20138.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"5863_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albertini P, Mazzanti V, Mollica F, Pellitteri F, Palone M, Lombardo L. Stress relaxation properties of five orthodontic aligner materials: A 14-Day In-Vitro study. Bioengineering. 2022;9(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering9080349"},{"issue":"3","key":"5863_CR10","first-page":"149","volume":"56","author":"F Cremonini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cremonini F, Zabini F, Oliverio T, Bianchi A, Scalia S, Siciliani G, et al. Optical properties of seven types of clear aligners before and after in vitro aging. J Clin Orthod. 2022;56(3):149\u201357.","journal-title":"J Clin Orthod"},{"key":"5863_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lira LF, Otero Amaral Vargas E, Moreira da Silva E, Nunes da Silva Meirelles D\u00f3ria, Maia J, Elzubair A, de Siqueira L et al. Effect of oral exposure on chemical, physical, mechanical, and morphologic properties of clear orthodontic aligners. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics. 2023;164(2):e51\u201363.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2023.05.015"},{"key":"5863_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papadopoulou AK, Cantele A, Polychronis G, Zinelis S, Eliades T. Changes in roughness and mechanical properties of Invisalign\u00ae appliances after one- and two-weeks use. Materials. 2019;12(15).","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12152406"},{"issue":"1","key":"5863_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2023.07.013","volume":"165","author":"S Eslami","year":"2024","unstructured":"Eslami S, Kopp S, Goteni M, Dahmer I, Sayahpour B. Alterations in the surface roughness and porosity parameters of directly printed and invisalign aligners after 1 week of intraoral usage: an in vivo prospective investigation. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2024;165(1):73\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"5863_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cond\u00f2 R, Mampieri G, Giancotti A, Cerroni L, Pasquantonio G, Divizia A et al. SEM characterization and ageing analysis on two generation of invisible aligners. BMC Oral Health. 2021;21(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01676-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"5863_CR15","first-page":"34","volume":"25","author":"A Gracco","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gracco A, Mazzoli A, Favoni O, Conti C, Ferraris P, Tosi G, et al. Short-term chemical and physical changes in invisalign appliances. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25(1):34\u201340.","journal-title":"Aust Orthod J"},{"key":"5863_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bucci R, Rongo R, Levat\u00e8 C, Michelotti A, Barone S, Razionale AV et al. Thickness of orthodontic clear aligners after thermoforming and after 10 days of intraoral exposure: a prospective clinical study. Prog Orthod. 2019;20(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-019-0289-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"5863_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2021.51.2.135","volume":"51","author":"M Palone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palone M, Longo M, Arveda N, Nacucchi M, De Pascalis F, Spedicato GA, et al. Micro-computed tomography evaluation of general trends in aligner thickness and gap width after thermoforming procedures involving six commercial clear aligners: an in vitro study. Korean J Orthod. 2021;51(2):135\u201341.","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"},{"issue":"1","key":"5863_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.05.018","volume":"135","author":"ND Kravitz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kravitz ND, Kusnoto B, BeGole E, Obrez A, Agran B. How well does invisalign work? A prospective clinical study evaluating the efficacy of tooth movement with invisalign. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2009;135(1):27\u201335.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"issue":"3","key":"5863_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2019.12.015","volume":"158","author":"N Haouili","year":"2020","unstructured":"Haouili N, Kravitz ND, Vaid NR, Ferguson DJ, Makki L. Has invisalign improved? A prospective follow-up study on the efficacy of tooth movement with invisalign. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop. 2020;158(3):420\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop"},{"key":"5863_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daniele V, Macera L, Taglieri G, Spera L, Marzo G, Quinzi V. Color stability, chemico-physical and optical features of the most common Petg and Pu based orthodontic aligners for clear aligner therapy. Polym (Basel). 2022;14(1).","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14010014"},{"key":"5863_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicita F, D\u2019Amico C, Filardi V, Spadaro D, Aquilio E, Mancini M et al. Chemical-Physical characterization of PET-G-Based material for orthodontic use: preliminary evaluation of micro-Raman analysis. Eur J Dent. 2023.","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1764424"},{"key":"5863_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staderini E, Chiusolo G, Guglielmi F, Papi M, Perini G, Tepedino M et al. Effects of thermoforming on the mechanical, optical, chemical, and morphological properties of PET-G: in vitro study. Polym (Basel). 2024;16(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16020203"},{"issue":"1","key":"5863_CR23","first-page":"12","volume":"11","author":"M Upadhyay","year":"2022","unstructured":"Upadhyay M, Arqub SA. Biomechanics of clear aligners: hidden truths & first principles. J World Fed Orthod. 2022;11(1):12\u201321.","journal-title":"J World Fed Orthod"},{"issue":"6","key":"5863_CR24","first-page":"807","volume":"68","author":"JA Pytko-Polonczyk Jolanta","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pytko-Polonczyk Jolanta JA, Przeklasa-Bierowiec A, Muszynska B. Artificial saliva and its use in biological experiments. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2017;68(6):807\u201313.","journal-title":"J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5863_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.job.2023.12.004","volume":"66","author":"R Senthil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Senthil R, \u00c7ak\u0131r S. Nano apatite growth on demineralized bone matrix capped with Curcumin and silver nanoparticles: dental implant mechanical stability and optimal cell growth analysis. J Oral Biosci. 2024;66(1):232\u201340.","journal-title":"J Oral Biosci"},{"key":"5863_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lajolo C, Tranfa M, Patini R, Fiorino A, Musarra T, Boniello R et al. Clinical Evaluation of the Optical Filter for Autofluorescence Glasses for Oral Cancer Curing Light Exposed (GOCCLES\u00ae) in the Management of Potentially Premalignant Disorders: A Retrospective Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(9).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095579"},{"issue":"1","key":"5863_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1177\/23202068231199545","volume":"15","author":"R Senthil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Senthil R, Anitha R, Lakshmi T. Mineralized collagen Fiber-based dental implant: novel perspectives. J Adv Oral Res. 2024;15(1):62\u20139.","journal-title":"J Adv Oral Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"5863_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(90)90356-8","volume":"23","author":"RP Kusy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Kusy RP, Whitley JQ. Effects of surface roughness on the coefficients of friction in model orthodontic systems. J Biomech. 1990;23(9):913\u201325.","journal-title":"J Biomech"},{"issue":"3","key":"5863_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1177\/1465312520936702","volume":"47","author":"F Suter","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suter F, Zinelis S, Patcas R, Sch\u00e4tzle M, Eliades G, Eliades T. Roughness and wettability of aligner materials. J Orthod. 2020;47(3):223\u201331.","journal-title":"J Orthod"},{"issue":"2","key":"5863_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.odw.2006.03.003","volume":"65","author":"H Ryokawa","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ryokawa H, Miyazaki Y, Fujishima A, Miyazaki T, Maki K. The mechanical properties of dental thermoplastic materials in a simulated intraoral environment. Orthodontic Waves. 2006;65(2):64\u201372.","journal-title":"Orthodontic Waves"},{"key":"5863_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lombardo L, Arreghini A, Maccarrone R, Bianchi A, Scalia S, Siciliani G. Optical properties of orthodontic aligners\u2014spectrophotometry analysis of three types before and after aging. Prog Orthod. 2015;16(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-015-0111-z"},{"issue":"1","key":"5863_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ortho.2022.100610","volume":"20","author":"WMM Bakdach","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bakdach WMM, Haiba M, Hadad R. Changes in surface morphology, chemical and mechanical properties of clear aligners during intraoral usage: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthod. 2022;20(1):100610.","journal-title":"Int Orthod"},{"key":"5863_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tamburrino F, D\u2019Ant\u00f2 V, Bucci R, Alessandri-Bonetti G, Barone S, Razionale AV. Mechanical properties of thermoplastic polymers for aligner manufacturing: in vitro study. Dent J (Basel). 2020;8(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/dj8020047"},{"key":"5863_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaggy F, Zinelis S, Polychronis G, Patcas R, Sch\u00e4tzle M, Eliades G et al. ATR-FTIR analysis and one-week stress relaxation of four orthodontic aligner materials. Materials. 2020;13(8).","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13081868"},{"issue":"3","key":"5863_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.2319\/052512-432.1","volume":"83","author":"N Kohda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kohda N, Iijima M, Muguruma T, Brantley WA, Ahluwalia KS, Mizoguchi I. Effects of mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials on the initial force of thermoplastic appliances. Angle Orthod. 2013;83(3):476\u201383.","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"5863_CR36","unstructured":"Cremonini F, Oliverio T, Lombardo L, Siciliani G. Optical Properties of Seven Types of Clear Aligners Before and After In Vitro Aging [Internet]. 2022. Available from: www.jco-online.com"},{"issue":"4","key":"5863_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1038\/ijos.2016.25","volume":"8","author":"CL Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu CL, Sun WT, Liao W, Lu WX, Li QW, Jeong Y, et al. Colour stabilities of three types of orthodontic clear aligners exposed to staining agents. Int J Oral Sci. 2016;8(4):246\u201353.","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"},{"key":"5863_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dalaie K, Fatemi SM, Ghaffari S. Dynamic mechanical and thermal properties of clear aligners after thermoforming and aging. Prog Orthod. 2021;22(1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40510-021-00362-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"5863_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4041\/kjod.2018.48.5.316","volume":"48","author":"JH Ryu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ryu JH, Kwon JS, Jiang HB, Cha JY, Kim KM. Effects of thermoforming on the physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastic materials for transparent orthodontic aligners. Korean J Orthod. 2018;48(5):316\u201325.","journal-title":"Korean J Orthod"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05863-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05863-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05863-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T07:00:50Z","timestamp":1744354850000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05863-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["5863"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-05863-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"533"}}