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However, the process can lead to the formation of dentin microcracks, increasing the risk of vertical root fractures. This study used micro-CT to evaluate the formation of dentinal microcracks following instrumentation with One Curve, EdgeOne Fire, and VDW.ROTATE systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-three extracted maxillary molars with non-calcified Vertucci type 4\u00a0s mesiobuccal canals were included. After pre-instrumentation micro-CT scans, a single endodontist prepared the canals with three aforementioned rotary systems. Post-instrumentation scans were conducted and axial sections from both the pre- and post-preparation scans were analyzed by two blinded observers to identify newly formed microcracks. Cohen\u2019s Kappa coefficient assessed interobserver agreement and dentinal microcracks were evaluated using ANOVA, ANCOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, and McNemar\u2019s test (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All three rotary systems led to significant increases in dentinal microcracks post-instrumentation. While the VDW.ROTATE group showed a slightly higher percentage of cracked Sect.\u00a0(72%), statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the groups (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.35).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preparation of maxillary molar root canals using different rotary systems resulted in the formation of dentin microcracks, with no significant correlation to the specific system used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-05929-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T02:08:08Z","timestamp":1744337288000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Micro-CT evaluation of dentinal microcrack formation in mesiobuccal canals of maxillary molars following instrumentation with heat-treated rotary and reciprocating systems"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9698-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Soltaninejad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9189-2184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yazdan","family":"Shantiaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4109-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Babak","family":"Zandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3925-5366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arsham","family":"Moslemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7589-8220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Sepehr","family":"Mirebeigi-Jamasbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"5929_CR1","unstructured":"Dennis D, Farahanny W, Prasetia W, Batubara F, Corresponding. 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