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Each group was subdivided into brushed and non-brushed subgroups (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20099). Non-brushed specimens were immersed in 20 mL of the assigned solution at 37\u00a0\u00b0C for 6\u00a0h (T1) and 12\u00a0h (T2). Brushed specimens underwent 5 000 and 10 000 brushing cycles before immersion at T1 and T2, respectively. Surface roughness was measured using a contact profilometer, and microhardness was assessed with a Vickers hardness tester. Data were analyzed using three-way mixed ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, repeated measures ANOVA, and Bonferroni correction (\u03b1\u2009=\u20090.05).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Significant differences were observed in Ra values based on mouthwash type and brushing (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05), while VHN remained unaffected (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). In non-brushed specimens, CPWC exhibited the highest Ra increase (31.2%, +\u20090.296\u00a0\u03bcm), significantly higher than Control (1.6%, +\u20090.015\u00a0\u03bcm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001) and COW (5.9%, +\u20090.055\u00a0\u03bcm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). Under brushed conditions, CPWC again showed the most significant increase (33.3%,+\u20090.311\u00a0\u03bcm,<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012). Microhardness showed no statistically significant changes across time points or groups (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&gt;\u20090.05). However, at T2, CPWC (non-brushed) presented the most significant reduction (\u2212\u20093.38%, \u2212\u20091.4 VHN), which was significantly lower than Control (+\u20091.98%, +\u20090.8 VHN) and COW (+\u20093.3%, +\u20091.3 VHN) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.001). A 5.33% increase (+\u20092.1 VHN, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.756) was observed in the brushed CPWC group.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Activated charcoal-containing whitening mouthwashes significantly increased surface roughness, particularly under brushing conditions, indicating a synergistic effect of chemical and mechanical wear. Microhardness values remained stable, suggesting the preservation of the internal structure. These findings highlight the need for cautious recommendation of charcoal-based mouthwashes for patients with resin restorations due to potential surface degradation risks.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06002-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T15:22:58Z","timestamp":1745508178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The effect of different whitening mouthwashes and simulated tooth brushing on surface roughness and microhardness of nanohybrid resin composite: an in vitro study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7780-079X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cemile","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2593-171X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latife Alt\u0131nok","family":"Uygun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"6002_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15040815","volume":"15","author":"TM Hamdy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hamdy TM, Abdelnabi A, Othman MS, Bayoumi RE, Abdelraouf RM. 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