{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:13:04Z","timestamp":1792804384639,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06135-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T16:23:05Z","timestamp":1752682985000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exploring the link between screen time and severity of early childhood caries in primary molars: a cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Dhanraj","family":"Kalaivanan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meenakshi","family":"Lakshmanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meghana","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumaiyya","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santhosh Priya","family":"AKR","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishnu Rekha","family":"Chamarthi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"6135_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxac125","volume":"28","author":"M Ponti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ponti M. Screen time and preschool children: promoting health and development in a digital world. Paediatr Child Health. 2023;28(3):184\u201392.","journal-title":"Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"6135_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill D, Ameenuddin N, Reid Chassiakos YL, Cross C, Hutchinson J, Levine A, Boyd R, Mendelson R, Moreno M, Swanson WS. Media and young minds. Pediatrics. 2016;138(5).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-2591"},{"key":"6135_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Guidelines on physical activity, sedentary behaviour and sleep for children under 5 years of age. World Health Organization; 2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"6135_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81348","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.81348","volume":"17","author":"A Robin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Robin A, Padmanabhan V, Swaminathan K, March 28. Association between screen time, dietary patterns, and oral health among children: A Cross-Sectional study. Cureus. 2025;17(3):e81348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.81348.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"issue":"3","key":"6135_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-018-2793-y","volume":"86","author":"A Ganesh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ganesh A, Muthu MS, Mohan A, Kirubakaran R. Prevalence of early childhood caries in India - A systematic review. Indian J Pediatr. 2019;86(3):276\u201386.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"issue":"3","key":"6135_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12484","volume":"29","author":"N Tinanoff","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tinanoff N, Baez RJ, Giullory CD, et al. Early childhood caries epidemiology, aetiology, risk assessment, societal burden, management, education or policy. Global Perspective Int J Paediatr Dent. 2019;29(3):238\u201348.","journal-title":"Global Perspective Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"6135_CR7","first-page":"95","volume":"41","author":"M Kirthiga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kirthiga M, Murugan M, Saikia A, Kirubakaran R. Risk factors for early childhood caries: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of case control and cohort studies. Pediatr Dent. 2019;41(2):95\u2013112.","journal-title":"Pediatr Dent"},{"issue":"2","key":"6135_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.14075","volume":"62","author":"Y Asaka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asaka Y, Sekine M, Yamada M, Tatsuse T, Sano M. Association of short sleep duration and long media use with caries in school children. Pediatr Int. 2020;62(2):214\u201320.","journal-title":"Pediatr Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"6135_CR9","first-page":"116","volume":"47","author":"N Garg","year":"2023","unstructured":"Garg N, Khatri A, Kalra N, Tyagi R. The association of screen time with intake of potentially cariogenic food and oral health of school children aged 8\u201314 years-a cross-sectional study. J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2023;47(5):116\u201323.","journal-title":"J Clin Pediatr Dent"},{"key":"6135_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.06.004","volume":"86","author":"AQ Shqair","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shqair AQ, Pauli LA, Costa VP, Cenci M, Goettems ML. Screen time, dietary patterns and intake of potentially cariogenic food in children: a systematic review. J Dent. 2019;86:17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jdent.2019.06.004.","journal-title":"J Dent"},{"key":"6135_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.21101\/cejph.a6097","volume":"28","author":"KD Tambalis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tambalis KD, Panagiotakos DB, Psarra G, Sidossis LS. Screen time and its effect on dietary habits and lifestyle among schoolchildren. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2020;28:260\u20136.","journal-title":"Cent Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"6135_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2015.04.003","volume":"2","author":"L Shang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shang L, Wang J, O\u2019Loughlin J, Tremblay A, Mathieu M\u00c8, Henderson M, Gray-Donald K. Screen time is associated with dietary intake in overweight Canadian children. Prev Med Rep. 2015;2:265\u20139.","journal-title":"Prev Med Rep"},{"key":"6135_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-14-138","volume":"14","author":"X Zeng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zeng X, Sheiham A, Sabbah W. The association between dental caries and television viewing among Chinese adolescents in Guangxi. China BMC Oral Health. 2014;14:138.","journal-title":"China BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6135_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2021.100080","volume":"20","author":"E Engberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Engberg E, Raju SC, Figueiredo RA, Weiderpass E, Rounge TB, Viljakainen H. Saliva microbiota differs between children with low and high sedentary screen times. Hum Microbiome J. 2021;20:100080.","journal-title":"Hum Microbiome J"},{"issue":"1","key":"6135_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-26351-2","volume":"8","author":"A Vriens","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vriens A, Provost EB, Saenen ND, De Boever P, Vrijens K, De Wever O, Plusquin M, Nawrot TS. Children\u2019s screen time alters the expression of saliva extracellular miR-222 and miR-146a. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):8209.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"6135_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3390\/clockssleep5020023","volume":"5","author":"A Kurtovi\u0107","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kurtovi\u0107 A, Talapko J, Beki\u0107 S, \u0160krlec I. The relationship between sleep, chronotype, and dental Caries-A narrative review. Clocks Sleep. 2023;5(2):295\u2013312.","journal-title":"Clocks Sleep"},{"issue":"10","key":"6135_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16177","volume":"58","author":"N Yilmaz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yilmaz N, Avci G. Exposure to screen time and dental neglect. J Paediatr Child Health. 2022;58(10):1855\u201361.","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"6135_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-04979-z","volume":"24","author":"\u015e Mustulo\u011flu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mustulo\u011flu \u015e, Tezol \u00d6, Yalc\u0131n SS. Problematic screen exposure and oral health in preschool children: a comparison study. BMC Oral Health. 2024;24(1):1200.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"issue":"7624","key":"6135_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39335.541782.AD","volume":"335","author":"E von Elm","year":"2007","unstructured":"von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, G\u00f8tzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP, STROBE Initiative. Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. BMJ. 2007;335(7624):806\u20138.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"1","key":"6135_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-021-02939-y","volume":"21","author":"SS Yal\u00e7in","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yal\u00e7in SS, Tezol \u00d6, \u00c7aylan N, et al. Evaluation of problematic screen exposure in pre-schoolers using a unique tool called \u2018seven-in-seven screen exposure questionnaire\u2019: cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2021;21(1):472.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"issue":"2","key":"6135_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12235","volume":"27","author":"S Dabawala","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dabawala S, Suprabha BS, Shenoy R, Rao A, Shah N. Parenting style and oral health practices in early childhood caries: a case-control study. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2017;27(2):135\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Paediatr Dent"},{"key":"6135_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-015-0058-y","volume":"15","author":"MO Folayan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Folayan MO, Kolawole KA, Oziegbe EO, Oyedele T, Oshomoji OV, Chukwumah NM, Onyejaka N. Prevalence or early childhood caries risk indicators in preschool children in suburban Nigeria. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15:72.","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"6135_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e41","DOI":"10.1111\/cdoe.12025","volume":"41","author":"NB Pitts","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pitts NB, Ekstrand KR, ICDAS Foundation. International caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS) and its international caries classification and management system (ICCMS) \u2013 methods for staging of the caries process and enabling dentists to manage caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2013;41:e41\u201352.","journal-title":"Community Dent Oral Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"6135_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1177\/09731342221144877","volume":"18","author":"R Semar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Semar R, Bakshi N. Correlation of screen time with eating behavior among School-Going children aged 8 to 10 years in East Delhi, India. J Indian Association Child Adolesc Mental Health. 2022;18(4):283\u20139.","journal-title":"J Indian Association Child Adolesc Mental Health"},{"key":"6135_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh N, Dubey N, Rathore M, Pandey P. Impact of early childhood caries on quality of life: child and parent perspectives. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2020 Apr-Jun;10(2):83\u20136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobcr.2020.02.006"},{"issue":"4","key":"6135_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/hbe2.217","volume":"2","author":"SE Domoff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Domoff SE, Borgen AL, Radesky JS. Interactional theory of childhood problematic media use. Hum Behav Emerg Technol. 2020;2(4):343\u201353.","journal-title":"Hum Behav Emerg Technol"},{"key":"6135_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.147101","volume":"25","author":"L Anandakrishna","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anandakrishna L, Bhargav N, Hegde A, Chandra P, Gaviappa D, Shetty AK. Problematic eating and its association with early childhood caries among 46-71-month-old children using children\u2019s eating behavior questionnaire (CEBQ): A cross sectional study. Indian J Dent Res. 2014;25:602\u20136.","journal-title":"Indian J Dent Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"6135_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_206_19","volume":"8","author":"RR Shah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shah RR, Fahey NM, Soni AV, Phatak AG, Nimbalkar SM. Screen time usage among preschoolers aged 2\u20136 in rural Western India: A cross-sectional study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2019;8(6):1999\u20132002.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"}],"container-title":["BMC Oral Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06135-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06135-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06135-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,7]],"date-time":"2025-09-07T12:13:17Z","timestamp":1757247197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/bmcoralhealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06135-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["6135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-025-06135-7","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5940590\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1472-6831"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1472-6831","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The research protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Protocol Approval Code: 366-IRB-IBSEC\/SIST; dated April 16,2024) The study was conducted ethically following the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki. * Informed consent was obtained from the parent and\/or legal guardian for all study participants prior to data collection and clinical examination. Only children with a signed parental consent who also provided verbal assent were included in the study. The rights of all subjects were protected, and all data were kept confidential.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"1181"}}